1992 



MANIHOT 



MANURE 



3-9 ft., or small tree in the tropics: roots fleshy, in a 

 basal cluster: Ivs. somewhat pubescent, deeply 3-7- 

 parted; lobes 3-8 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate; 

 stipules small, entire: fls. paniculate; calyx less than 

 Kin. long, pubescent inside: caps, wing-angled. Brazil. 

 B.M. 3071. Cult, in many varieties and naturalized in 

 various tropical lands. 



dulcis, Pax (Jdtropha dulcis, Gmel.). Shrub, 3-12 ft. 

 high: roots similar to the preceding species but gener- 

 ally smaller: Ivs. deeply 3-13-parted; lobes lanceolate 

 to obovate; stipules narrow, pointed, subentire: fls. 

 paniculate; calyx M-%in. long, pubescent inside: caps, 

 not wing-angled. Var. Aipi, Pax (M. Aipi, Pohl. M. 

 palmdta var. Aipi, Muell. Arg.). SWEET CASSAVA. 

 AIPI. Younger parts pubescent: Ivs. 3-7-parted: lobes 

 obovate to elliptical-lanceolate. Wild in Brazil and 

 cult, there and elsewhere in the tropics. 

 Var. multifida, Pax (M. palmdta var. 

 multifida, Muell. Arg.). Lvs. long- 

 petioled, 7-13-parted, mostly gla- 

 brous; lobes spatulate-lanceolate to 

 lanceolate. S. Brazil. H.I. 530. 



2323. Manihot utilissima, the roots 

 of which produce tapioca. 



cc. Lf. -lobes sinuate or pandurate or shallowly lobed 

 near the apex, acuminate. 



carthaginensis, Muell. Arg. (M. Jdnipha, Pohl. 

 Jdtropha, carthaginensis, Jacq.). YUQUILLA. Tree: Ivs. 

 5-7-lobed; lobes lyrate-sinuate; stipules entire: fls. 

 racemose; calyx glabrous, about ^in. long: caps, not 

 wing-angled. S. Texas to Venezuela in sandy soil. 



dichotoma, Ule. Tree: Ivs. deeply 3-5-parted; lobes 

 broad, entire to sinuate or pandurate; stipules dentic- 

 ulate: fls. in short racemes; calyx %in. long, pubescent 

 inside: caps, wing-angled. S. Brazil. H.I. 2876, 2877. 



BB. Lvs. peltate. 



Glazidvii, Muell. Arg. CEARA RUBBER TREE. MANI- 

 SOBA. Tree, up to 40 ft. high: Ivs. deeply 3-5-lobed; 

 lobes 3-4 in. long, entire, ovate-oblong to elliptical, 

 short-acuminate; stipules denticulate: fls. paniculate; 

 calyx glabrous, about J^in. long: caps, not wing-angled. 



S. Brazil and cult, and naturalized in many tropical 

 countries. Jour. Bot. 18:321. 



M. diversifdlia, Muell. Arg.=Jatropha integerrima, Jacq. 



J. B. S. NORTON. 



MANURE (from old French mancewer, to cultivate by 

 hand; connected with Latin for hand and work). In the 

 broadest sense, manure is any substance applied to the 

 soil for the purpose of increasing productivity. The 

 excrements of animals, mixed or unmixed with straw or 

 other absorbents, are usually spoken of as barn-ma- 

 nures. Commercial manures or "fertilizers" are usually 

 concentrated forms of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric 

 acid, mixed or unmixed (see Fertilizers'); green manures 

 are living plants plowed under to furnish humus and 

 increase productivity; amendments are substances, such 

 as lime, which may increase the growth and healthful- 

 ness of plants by improving the 

 physical condition and modifying the 

 chemical reactions of the soil. In 

 general farming, barn -manures are 

 usually applied in the raw or unrotted 

 state; in horticulture, rotted or parti- 

 ally rotted. Horse-manure is used for 

 hotbeds, while cow-manure, mixed 

 with soil, is best for forming a moist 

 rich potting earth. Dung, the solid 

 voidings of animals, after weathering 

 for a time, is also a valuable addition 

 to potting earth. Florists often keep 

 a number of dairy cattle that an 

 abundant supply of bovine manure, 

 which is so valuable in floriculture, 

 may be at hand. Commercial ma- 

 nures are used in small quantities, 

 either direct or in solution. Nitrogen 

 stimulates the vegetative system and 

 tends to produce rapid growth and 

 dark foliage. Phosphoric acid, among 

 other effects, has that of produ- 

 cing well-developed plump seeds and 

 fruits; potash may augment these 

 effects, as well as increase and inten- 

 sify the color of the bloom. 



Barn -manures are more highly 

 prized than formerly. Waste of their 

 valuable constituents is now largely 

 avoided either by applying them to 

 the land day by day, as they are pro- 

 duced, or by more rational methods 

 of caring for them until they are partly 

 rotted or opportunity is afforded for 

 most suitable application to the land. 

 Covered yards or pits are now some- 

 times used for temporarily storing 

 manures, where they can have water 

 added if too dry and if likely to "firefang;" or absor- 

 bents, such as straw, dry muck, gypsum and the like, 

 may be used if they are too watery. When bedding is 

 abundant, the animals may take their exercise in the 

 covered yard, as they will solidify the manure by tramp- 

 ing it, thereby diminishing loss by too rapid fermenta- 

 tion. Both salt and gypsum conserve plant-food in 

 manures when spread over the mass from time to time 

 in small quantities. The quantity and value of manure 

 made by domestic animals is not realized by those who 

 allow it to be scattered over large open barnyards or 

 allow it to remain for considerable periods under the 

 eaves of the barn. Extended experiments at the Cornell 

 Experiment Station showed that the following amounts 

 of excrements were produced daily for each 1,000 

 pounds of live weight of animal : 



Pounds 



Sheep 34.1 



Calves . 67.8 



Pigs 83.6 



Cows 74.1 



Horses 48.8 



Fowls ... 39.8 



