MARKETING 



MARSILEA 



2003 



goods they ordered. In 1914, over 300 carloads of fer- 

 tilizers were purchased at a saving of $18,000 to the 

 members; large quantities of other supplies were pur- 

 chased, as pulp, heads, nails, grass, clover, vetch and 

 oat seed, flour, feed, arsenate of lead, wire fence, lime- 

 sulfur and tobacco sulfate. 



As a further cooperative function, the central office 

 handles all of the fire insurance business of the sub- 

 sidiary companies of insuring the packing-houses and 

 contents, thus saving the commission previously paid 

 to agents. A weekly newspaper called the "Cooperative 

 News" is published from the central office. 



The total selling expenses in 1914 were exactly 4 cents 

 a barrel, or lj<j per cent on the volume of business. 



For discussions of methods of sorting, grading and 

 boxing fruits and other products, see the article Pack- 

 ing, Vol. V. H. J. EUSTACE. 



MARKHAMIA (after C. R. Markham, who intro. 

 the Cinchonas into India). Bignonidcese. A genus of 

 10 African and 2 Asiatic tropical evergreen trees or 

 shrubs with large opposite odd-pinnate Ivs. usually 

 with pseudostipules in the axils, glabrous or pubescent: 

 fls. in large terminal or axillary panicles; calyx spathe- 

 like, splitting on one side; corolla tubular-funnelform, 

 usually yellow with red or purple stripes inside; sta- 

 mens 4, included, with spreading anther-cells; ovary 

 with 4 rows of ovules in each cell: caps, linear, loculi- 

 cidally dehiscent into 2 leathery valves, the true 

 septum small, with a much larger false septum in its 

 middle parallel to the valves; seeds oblong, winged at 

 the ends. Only the following species is cult, in S. 

 Calif, and it is, even without fls., a handsome foliage 

 plant. Cult, like Radermachia, to which it is closely 

 related. 



platycalyx, Sprague. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. J^-l ft. 

 long, with suborbicular pseudostipules M~l i n - broad 

 in the axils; Ifts. 5-9, short-stalked, elliptic-oblong to 

 obovate, abruptly and obtusely acuminate, entire or 

 serrate, lepidote, 2-5^ in. long: panicles terminal or 

 axillary, rather dense; calyx boat-shaped, pubescent 

 and lepidote, %in. long; corolla yellow, inside striped 

 red, lepidote, inside and outside, veined, the tube 

 IJ^-l/^j in. long, the elliptic-obovate lobes about J^in. 

 long: caps, linear, 1 ft. long. Uganda. H.I. 28:2800. 

 Said to yield the finest timber in Uganda. 



ALFRED REHDER. 



MARROW, VEGETABLE: Squash. 



MARRUBIUM (ancient name, referring to the bitter 

 qualities). Labiate. HOARHOUND. HOREHOUND. A 

 familiar aromatic herb. 



Marrubium comprises perennials branched from the 

 base, mostly silky or woolly, with wrinkled and crenate 

 or cut Ivs., and many-fld. axillary whorls of small white 

 or purplish fls.: calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved and with 5 

 or 10 awl-shaped teeth; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 

 erect and notched or entire, the lower spreading and 

 3-cleft; stamens 4, didynamous, not exserted; ovary 

 deeply 4-lobed (making 4 smooth nutlets), the style 

 2-lpbed. Species 30-40, in Eu., N. Afr. and extra-trop. 

 Asia.; one widely naturalized in the U. S. 



vulgare, Linn. COMMON HOREHOUND. Height 1-3 

 ft.: sts. ascending, woolly or tomentose: Ivs. ovate to 

 round-ovate, stalked: calyx with 10 recurved teeth, 

 the alternate ones shorter: fls. whitish. Summer. Now 

 found as an escape from gardens in waste places of 

 nearly every country of the world. Horehound is used 

 in large quantities for confections and medicines for 

 coughs and colds. 



candidissimum, Linn. Foliage silvery gray, flannel- 

 like, the branches long: perennial: Ivs. ovate, crenate: 

 fls. whitish, in large many-fld. fascicles; calyx-teeth 

 subulate, rigid, spreading, usually 5, but sometimes 

 6-10. Spain to Caspian Mts. L > jj_ g. 



MARSDENIA (William Marsden, 1754-1836, wrote a 

 history of Sumatra). Asclepiadacese. Mostly twining 

 shrubs of warm countries, a few of them sometimes 

 planted for ornament; some of them medicinal and 

 yielding dye and fiber. 



The genus is allied to Stephanotis, which has large 

 white fls., while those of Marsdenia are smaller and usu- 

 ally purplish, lurid, greenish or pallid. Lvs. opposite: 

 cymes umbel-shaped, simple or branched, terminal or 

 axillary; calyx 5-parted; corolla bell-, urn- or salver- 

 shaped; lobes narrow or broad, overlapping to the right; 

 crown of 5 scales: seeds comose, in a more or less fleshy 

 follicle. In tropical and subtropical countries around 

 the world, the species probably being nearly 100. 

 Genus rather heterogeneous. 



R6ylei, Wight. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, 2-4 in. wide, ovate- 

 cordate, acuminate, pubescent or tomentose beneath; 

 petioles lJ^-2 in. long: cymes 1-1 ^ in. across; fls. 3-4 

 lines in diam.; corolla somewhat bell-shaped; lobes 

 large, fleshy, pubescent; stigma not extended beyond 

 the anthers. Himalayas, 4,000-5,000 ft. altitude. 



macrophylla, Foum. Woody twiner: Ivs. large, oval, 

 acuminate, the base truncate or subcordate, glabrous, 

 somewhat glaucous beneath: calyx deeply cut, the 

 segms. large, oval, obtuse; corolla- tube glabrous, the 

 limb spreading, and the lobes oval and short-ciliate on 

 margin. Brazil; Paraguay (?). Offered hi S. Calif. 



verrucdsa, Decne. Twining, the branches thick: 

 Ivs. broadly or nearly orbicular-cordate,- abruptly 

 acuminate, glabrous, glandular at top of petiole: fls. 

 many, in a short cluster; corolla-lobes ovate, somewhat 

 emarginate, barbed; lobes of corona lanceolate and 

 fleshy. Madagascar. Offered abroad. 



M. Cundurdngo, Reichb. f. (Gonolobus Cundurango, Triana), of 

 Ecuador and Colombia, yields the medicinal condurango bark: 

 liana: Ivs. round-oblong, acute, hairy beneath: fls. whitish, the 

 corolla somewhat campanulate. M. erecta, R. Br., is fairly hardy 

 at Arnold Arboretum: fls. white, fragrant: Ivs. cordate-ovate. S. 

 E. Eu., Syria. M. fmihurnii, Hemsl. A vigorous twining shrub 

 with long hanging branches and fls. resembling a Hoya: Ivs. ample, 

 long-petioled, rather thick and soft and bullate (blistered), cordate- 

 ovate: fls. about Hin. across, purple, hairy, in dense globular very 

 short-stalked axillary umbellate cymes. British Guiana. B.M. 7953. 



L. H. B. 



MARSHALLIA (Humphrey Marshall, wrote "Arbus- 

 tum Americanum," 1785, the first American work on 

 trees and shrubs; also founded one of the first Ameri- 

 can botanic gardens). Composite. Perennial North 

 American herbs, useful in outdoor planting. 



Tufted plants, growing about 1 ft. high, with entire 

 Ivs. and scapes bearing solitary rayless heads about 

 1J^ in. across: involucre hemispheric or bell-shaped, 

 its bracts narrow and green; fls. all perfect and fertile; 

 pappus of 5-6 acute or acuminate scales. About a 

 half-dozen species. All may be grown in the open 

 border in the N. and they may be prop, by division in 

 the spring. Supposed to suggest the scabious. The 

 blue anthers give a peculiar effect to the fls. 



casspitosa, Nutt. Tufted, glabrous: Ivs. spatulate- 

 linear; upper ones linear: bracts of the involucre 

 linear: disk-fls. pale rose or white: seeds inversely 

 pyramidal, villous on the angles. Limestone soil, Mo., 

 to Texas. B.M. 3704. 



grandiflora, Beadle & Boynton. Like the next 

 except that the st.-lvs. are oblong-lanceolate and acute 

 or obtuse. Moist soil, Pa. to W. Va. and N. C. 



trinervia, Walt. St. simple or branched, usually 

 leafy about half way up: Ivs. acuminate at the apex, 

 narrowed to a practically stalkless base: fls. purplish 

 sometimes whitish, pink; bracts of the involucre 

 linear-lanceolate. Va., south. jq^ TAYLOR t 



MARSH MALLOW: AUhsea officinalis. 



MARSILEA (Giovanni Marsigli, Italian botanist of 

 last part of the 18th century, or Aloys Ferd., Graf von 

 Marsigli, 1658-1730). Marsileacex. Aquatic flower- 

 less plants related to ferns (about 40 species), with 



