NORTH AMERICAN STATES 



NORTH AMERICAN STATES 2179 



blackberries and dewberries decreased from 3,397 in 

 1899 to 2425 in 1909, when the production was 

 2,465,407 quarts, valued at $195,294. Other small- 

 fruits produced in 1909 were: 460,575 quarts of cur- 

 rants, valued at $39,829; 255,840 quarts of gooseber- 

 ries, valued at $18,404; and 4,256 quarts of cranberries, 

 valued at $352. 



The acreage devoted to the production of potatoes 

 in Ohio increased from 167,590 in 1899 to 212,808 in 

 1909, when the production was 20,322,984 bushels, 

 valued at $9,377,955. Of the other vegetables, the 

 more important in 1909 were 6,132 acres of onions, 

 valued at $858,440; 17,298 acres of sweet corn, valued 

 at $528,162; 8,263 acres of tomatoes, valued at $501,- 

 020; 6,279 acres of cabbage, valued at $366,901; 1,473 

 acres of celery, valued at $331,230; and 1,665 acres of 

 cantaloupes and muskmelons, valued at $154,434. 

 The value of other vegetables produced was as follows: 

 asparagus, $39,391; green beans, $39,352; pop-corn, 

 $16,878; cucumbers, $113,238; lettuce, $76,372; green 

 peas, $69,009; radishes, $15,194; rhubarb, $11,329; 

 turnips, $31,791; and watermelons, $46,063. Vege- 

 tables produced, valued at less than $10,000, were beets, 

 carrots, cauliflower, horse-radish, parsnips, green pep- 

 pers, pumpkins, spinach, and squash. 



The acreage devoted to the production of flowers and 

 plants increased from 685 in 1899 to 1,070 in 1909. 

 The area under glass in 1909 was 7,582,562 square feet, 

 of which 7,091,976 were covered by greenhouses, ana 

 490,586 by sashes and frames. The value of the' flowers 

 and plants produced in 1909 was $2,384,830. 



There was a slight increase in the acreage devoted to 

 nursery products from 4,699 in 1899 to 4,718 in 1909, 

 when they were valued at $860,351, as compared with 

 $538,012 in 1899. W . J. GREEN. 



Indiana. 



Indiana (Fig. 2497), classed among the North Cen- 

 tral States, has a land area of 23,068,800 acres. The 

 greater part of the state is gently undulating, yet much 

 of the highest land in the central counties is very level. 

 The mean elevation of the state is estimated at 700 feet 

 above sea-level. The highest lands are above 1,000 

 feet and are found along the Ohio line in east-central 

 Indiana and near the Michigan line in extreme north- 

 eastern Indiana. The area in which the altitude is from 

 500 to 1,000 feet constitutes four-fifths of the entire 

 state. The lowest elevation within the state is found 

 in the western and southwestern counties along the 

 Wabash River, where the land surface rises in general 

 to an altitude of less than 500 feet above sea-level. 



The climate differs little from the northern or middle 

 states of the Atlantic seaboard. The mean annual 

 temperature for the state is 52.3, and the average 

 rainfall is 38.4 inches. 



Indiana has never been looked upon as a fruit- 

 growing state. This is due to a happy combination 

 of circumstances and conditions which make Indiana 

 preeminently an agricultural state. Corn has been 

 "king" in Indiana .and probably always will be. The 

 soil and climate of the middle western states are es- 

 pecially adapted to the necessary food-crops. These 

 crops have been produced in an abundance and have 

 overshadowed the horticultural crops. 



From the earliest years of the last century, when 

 Johnny Applsseed made his plantings in the wilder- 

 ness, it has been evident that the soil and climate of 

 the state were adapted to fruit. Numerous of these 

 early orchards can be identified at present and their 

 fruits are often shown at the state apple shows. Henry 

 Ward Beecher, writing from Indianapolis in 1843, says 

 that at that time there were "eighteen nurseries in the 

 state whose proprietors are chiefly supported by their 

 sales. Apple trees sell for 10 and pear for 20 cents. An 

 orchard is to be found upon almost every farm and 



lately the pear has been made more than ever sought 

 after. . . . Long summers, brilliantly clear atmo- 

 sphere, great warmth and dryness during the fall ripen- 

 ing months, give our fruit great size, color and flavor." 

 The early horticulture was principally along the 

 Ohio River and its smaller tributaries. Large plantings 

 were made to apples and peaches. With the experiences 

 of the Dufours ever before them, the early horticul- 

 turists paid very little attention to the grape. Never- 

 theless, several vineyards were planted on the terraced 

 river bluffs only to fall '-easy victims to plant disease 

 and insect pest. Some of the largest peach and plum 

 orchards of the country were then to be found in Jeffer- 

 son, Floyd, Clark, Harrison and Perry counties, in the 

 southern part of the state. In fact, fruit-growing was 

 the principal industry of the section. 



At length there came a change in condition. The 

 pear and apple orchards suffered from the fire blight. 



2497. Indiana, to show horti- 

 cultural regions. 



Apple m 

 Truck EI3 

 PeacK H 

 Small Fruits jj 



SCALC or MILES- 



The peach orchards were ravaged by the San Jose scale 

 and the yellows. The codlin-moth and the curculio 

 multiplied unchecked; the scab, the various rots and 

 other fungous diseases reduced the crops in both quan- 

 tity and quality and many of the once profitable or- 

 chards were practically abandoned except for an occa- 

 sional year of excessive production. The fruit was then 

 perhaps harvested, but, owing to its poor quality, 

 found a slow sale on a heavily supplied market. 



With the establishment of the experiment station in 

 1887 dates the present revival in horticulture. Control 

 measures were developed for crop pests and disease. 

 Large companies have been formed for speculation in 

 fruit lands, for exploitation of orchard-renovation 

 schemes or for straightforward business development 

 of commercial fruit-growing. 



Time has shown that the soil and climate of Indiana 

 are adapted to all of the horticultural crops of its 

 latitude. This certainty of production, coupled with 

 the location of the state, make it a very attractive dis- 

 trict for the production of perishable horticultural 



