2202 NORTH AMERICAN STATES 



NORTH AMERICAN STATES 



tion was 60,742 quarts, valued at $9,141. Gooseberries 

 increased in acreage from 10 in 1899 to 86 in 1909, 

 when the production was 56,804 quarts, valued at 

 $7,332. Other small-fruits produced in 1909 were 3,404 

 quarts of blackberries and dewberries, valued at $470, 

 and 1,120 quarts of cranberries, valued at $125. 



The acreage devoted to potatoes increased from 

 21,936 in 1899 to 54,067 in 1909, when the production 

 was 5,551,430 bushels, valued at $2,079,125. The 

 more important of the other vegetables produced were: 

 37 acres of onions, valued at $9,188; 109 acres of cab- 

 bage, valued at $8,724; 96 acres of watermelons, 

 valued at $3,719; 141 acres of sweet corn, valued at 

 $3,369; 88 acres of turnips, valued at $3,145; and 7 

 acres of celery, valued at $1,680. Vegetables of lesser 

 importance, produced in 1909, were asparagus, green 

 beans, carrots, cucumbers, green peas, and tomatoes. 



There were 4 acres devoted to the production of 

 flowers and plants in 1909 and the products valued at 

 $47,221. The total area under glass in 1909 was 

 70,670 square feet, of which 48,150 were covered by 

 greenhouses and 22,520 by sashes and frames. The 

 area devoted to nursery products in North Dakota 

 increased from 131 acres in 1899 to 472 in 1909, when 

 the products were valued at $30,997. 



C. B. WALDRON. 



South Dakota. 



South Dakota (Fig. 2505) lies a little north of the 

 center of the continent, between latitude 45 57' north, 

 and 42 28' south and longitude 96 26' and 104 3' 

 west of Greenwich. Its shape is approximately a 



2505. South Dakota, to show horticultural adaptabilities. 



rectangle. Its extreme length from east to west is 386 

 miles; extreme breadth north to south 240 miles; 

 population (in 1910) 583,888. The Missouri River 

 divides the state into two nearly equal portions. With 

 the exception of a small area in the northeast corner, 

 the southeast part is lowest and all the streams flow in 

 that direction. The state may be divided into three 

 sections: (1) the Black Hills; (2) the Tablelands; (3) 

 the Eastern Section. The Black Hills in the southwest- 

 ern part are outliers of the Rocky Mountains, and the 

 extensive and very rich deposits of gold, silver, and 

 other minerals are important sources of wealth. The 

 Indians early knew of these gold deposits, but they were 

 not known to white men until 1874. The Black Hills, 

 so named by the Indians because of the heavy forests 

 of pine and spruce covering the mountains, include an 

 area of about 5,000 square miles. Considerable fruit is 

 now being raised in this section under irrigation, as the 

 local market is a profitable one, and it has been found 



possible to raise many varieties not hardy upon the 

 open prairies of the state. 



The Tablelands comprise the entire section of the 

 state west of the Missouri River, with the exception of 

 the Black Hills. Five branches of the Missouri flow 

 from the western part of the state across these lands 

 from west to east. These are the White, Bad, Cheyenne, 

 Moreau or Owl, and Grand rivers. The series of dry 

 years 1910-11-12-13 show that exclusive grain-farm- 

 ing is not advisable, but the native grasses are very 

 nutritious and stock-raising is profitable. 



The Eastern Section contains three river valleys 

 that cross it from north to south, viz., the eastern half of 

 the Missouri, the James River Valley and the Big Sioux 

 River on the eastern border. In the southern part, the 

 valley of the Vermillion traverses the region between 

 the Sioux and James. These river valleys are all very 

 fertile and blend together as they reach the Missouri 

 at the south. Diversified agriculture flourishes in these 

 river valleys, especially in the southern and entire 

 eastern part of this section. In the higher ground in 

 the northern and western part, stock-raising and dairy- 

 ing are the main industries owing to the lesser rainfall. 

 Since the defining of the artesian-well basin, general 

 agriculture has been encroaching upon the grazing 

 areas. This basin reaches from the Missouri River 

 eastward to some distance beyond the James. The 

 amount of this supply which can be used has been 

 roughly estimated at 326,805,600,000 cubic feet 

 annually, an amount of water sufficient to fill a river- 

 bed a mile wide, 20 feet deep and nearly 600 miles long. 

 When this water is more generally utilized, it is con- 

 fidently believed that the market-gardening and fruit- 

 growing area shown on the map will be 

 enlarged and extended westward. 



Horticulture in South Dakota is to a 

 considerable extent still in the experi- 

 mental stage. Most of the planting of 

 orchard-fruits has been done since the last 

 "crucial test" winter of 1884-5, hence it 

 will be difficult to give a safe list until 

 after the next test winter. A glance at the 

 map will show that the state extends well 

 below the north line of Iowa, and as a 

 matter of fact, it is found that the South 

 Dakota fruit list partakes of both Iowa 

 and Minnesota in its characteristics. The 

 southern tier of counties in the southeast 

 corner of the state can raise varieties of 

 the apple which are not at all hardy north- 

 ward in the state. It is interesting to 

 trace the orcharding belt along the great 

 river from far down in Missouri north- 

 ward between Iowa and Nebraska into 

 South Dakota. In the Sioux and James 

 \ river valleys considerable fruit is grown as 

 far north as the Minnesota line. North of 

 this the orchards are few and far between, the country 

 being new, and grain-raising, stock-raising and dairying 

 affording more profitable sources of income. 



The state has been divided into four fruit sections 

 by the State Horticultural Society since 1913, as follows: 

 Northern District this includes all north of a line 

 running due east and west through Watertown; Cen- 

 tral District this district includes approximately all 

 between two lines running due east and west through 

 Sioux Falls and Watertown; Southern District this 

 includes all south of the north line of Iowa, which is 

 approximately a line running due east and west through 

 Sioux Falls; the Black Hills District this includes 

 the Black Hills counties in the southwestern corner 

 of the state. 



The largest old apple orchard in the state is in 

 Turner County, consisting of 7,000 trees on about 132 

 acres. This orchard was planted in the early seventies 

 and is still bearing. About 4,000 of the trees are 



