NORTH AMERICAN STATES 



and loganberries second in importance. The acreage of 

 strawberries increased from 1,268 in 1899 to 3,283 in 

 1909, when the production was 7,683,774 quarts, 

 valued at $529,535. Raspberries and loganberries 

 increased in acreage from 625 in 1899 to 1,210 in 1909, 

 when the production was 3,118,720 quarts, valued at 

 $223,001. Blackberries and dewberries increased in 

 acreage from 338 in 1899 to 769 in 1909, when the pro- 

 duction was 2,340,779 quarts, valued at $159,094. Other 

 small-fruits produced were: 194,365 quarts of currants, 

 valued at $16,518; 143,264 quarts of gooseberries, 

 valued at $12,285; and 9,728 quarts of cranberries, 

 valued at $953. 



Potatoes, the most important of the vegetables, 

 increased from 25,119 acres in 1899 to 57,897 acres in 

 1909, when the production was 7,667,171 bushels, 

 valued at $2,993,737. Of the other vegetables grown the 

 more important were: 934 acres of cabbage, valued at 

 $106,865; 415 acres of onions, valued at $67,949; 364 

 acres of tomatoes, valued at $62,613; 103 acres of 

 celery, valued at $39,686; 561 acres of sweet corn, 

 valued at $34,891; 352 acres of peas, valued at $27,758; 

 194 acres of asparagus, valued at $24,129; 310 acres of 

 cantaloupes and muskmelons, valued at $18,688; 214 

 acres of watermelons, valued at $15,525; and 87 acres 

 of turnips, valued at $11,484. Vegetables of less im- 

 portance were green beans, beets, carrots, cauliflower, 

 cucumbers, lettuce, parsnips, radishes, rhubarb, ruta- 

 bagas, spinach, and squash. 



The acreage devoted to the production of flowers and 

 plants increased from 34 in 1899 to 340 in 1909. The 

 area under glass in 1909 was 1,539,972 square feet, of 

 which 1,257,616 were covered by greenhouses and 

 282,356 by sashes and frames. The value of the flowers 

 and plants produced in 1909 was $518,226, as compared 

 with $50,450 in 1899. 



Nursery products increased from 155 in 1899 to 

 1,342 in 1909, when the value of the nursery products 

 grown was $526,681, as compared with $28,699 in 1899. 



O. M. MORRIS. 



Oregon. 



Oregon (Fig. 2533) is a state of great extremes, the 

 rainfall varying from as high as 130 inches down to a 

 very few inches, in extreme seasons certain sections 

 averaging as low as 2 or 3 inches, although 9 or 10 

 inches is generally the minimum. Along the coast, the 

 annual rainfall averages about 70 inches, while in 

 western Oregon between the Cascade and the Coast 

 Range mountains, the rainfall varies from 25 to 45 

 inches. East of the Cascade Range, it varies from 20 

 inches down to about 9 inches. 



There is also an extreme range of elevations. 

 This difference varies from sea-level to the frost line. 

 This line, with the exception of a few favored locations, 

 is in the neighborhood of 3,000 feet, and this elevation 

 is about the limit of successful fruit- and tender vege- 

 table-production in this state. 



The soils in the horticultural valleys tend to vary 

 greatly and are very spotted; nearly all extremes are 

 found. It is not uncommon to find twelve or fifteen 

 distinct types of soil in one small valley. These soils 

 will vary from the heaviest adobe, or so-called sticky 

 soils, to the lightest volcanic ash or pumice-stone soils. 



These changes in rainfall, elevation and soils, coupled 

 with certain climatic factors, such as length of growing 

 seasons, mean temperatures, extremes of heat and 

 cold, give the state a very wide range of conditions. 

 This means that a great many varieties of fruit can be 

 grown successfully. While it is true, however, that each 

 locality may be able to grow only a few varieties to the 

 highest degree of perfection, yet there are very few 

 varieties of deciduous fruit that are not found within 

 the state. 



Oregon can geographically be divided into two dis- 



tricts, western and eastern Oregon; the Cascade 

 Range is the dividing line. Western Oregon, in turn, 

 can be divided into two great districts, each of which 

 can be further subdivided. The first great district 

 extends between the Cascade and Coast Range Moun- 

 tains and includes the Willamette, Umpqua, Rogue 

 River, and other smaller valleys. The second district 

 contains the area found west of the Coast Range Moun- 

 tains and includes the coast counties of Coos, Lin- 

 coln, Tillamook, and so on. 



East of the mountains several divisions can be made. 

 First, there are those regions along the Columbia 

 River and certain other parts of eastern Oregon which 

 have a low altitude. These areas include such well- 

 known districts as The Dalles, Hermiston and Free- 

 water-Milton, which is a part of the Walla Walla 

 Valley. Second, there are those regions which con- 

 tain valleys of fairly high altitude, in the neighbor- 

 hood of 2,000 feet, such as the Grand Ronde and cer- 

 tain areas in the vicinity of Vale and Ontario and a few 

 of the interior valleys such as the John Day. The third 

 district includes those regions found on the high table- 

 lands. On the whole, this district is rather too bleak 

 for successful commercial orcharding. There are, 

 however, certain select parts along the streams and 

 along certain of the lakes, like Summer and Goose lakes, 

 that are splendidly adapted for fruit- and vegetable- 

 production. 



Hidden among the Cascade Mountains are found 

 certain valleys which do not come in any of the classes 

 already enumerated. These include such well-known 

 regions as the Hood River and Mosier valleys. 



In Oregon, fruit-growing is largely confined to valleys 

 nestled among the mountains. Some of these valleys 

 are very large; the Willamette Valley, for example, 

 has 5,000,000 acres of tillable land. On the other hand 

 many of the valleys are comparatively small, often 

 containing only a few thousand acres. 



The apple is the leading horticultural crop in Oregon 

 and is being grown commercially in every horticultural 

 section of the state. Within the last ten years, the 

 planting of apples has gone forward on a tremendous 

 scale and in the near future the output of this fruit 

 should be enormous. 



The prune is the second crop of horticultural impor- 

 tance in the state. East of the Cascade Mountains, it 

 is grown in limited quantities for shipping green, while 

 west of the mountains it is grown largely for evapora- 

 tion purposes. The Italian (Fellenberg) prune is the 

 principal variety grown, although a considerable 

 quantity of French or Petite prunes are produced, 

 especially in southern Oregon. There is an increased 

 interest being shown in the prune within the last two 

 years and new plantings have been very extensive. 



The pear is rapidly coming to the front commer- 

 cially. In certain sections, very large areas have been 

 planted and the tendency all over the state is to increase 

 the acreage devoted to its culture. At the present time 

 the pear-growing areas are confined to certain sections 

 of western and southern Oregon. 



Sweet cherries are grown very extensively in western 

 Oregon. The Willamette Valley excels in cherry-pro- 

 duction, the Lambert doing especially well in that 

 section, although the Royal Anne and Bing are grown 

 commercially. Along the Columbia River, in the 

 vicinity of The Dalles, the Royal Anne (Napolean 

 Bigarreau) does extremely well. In the higher alti- 

 tudes of eastern Oregon, the Bing becomes the leading 

 variety. Few sour cherries except those produced for 

 home purposes are being grown at the present time. 

 This fruit, however, does remarkably well in the state 

 and there is some inclination toward commercial 

 plantings. 



Peaches are grown largely as fillers, there being but 

 very few sections of the state as yet that have a dis- 

 tinct peach industry. The nearest approach to this 



