2292 



NUPHAR 



NURSERY 



or brown; petals shorter than the stamens, fleshy and 

 truncate; sepals 6; stigma nearly entire, yellow or pale 

 red, 12-24-rayed. N. Y., southward and westward. 

 Mn. 1:17. G.C. II. 20:557. V.2:197. Var. variegatum, 

 Engelm., with floating Ivs. only (none erect), closed 

 sinus, petioles flat on one side and fls. partly purple, 

 occurs from New Bruns. to Brit. Col., lowa/N. Ohio, 

 and the mountains of Pa. 



rubrodiscum, Morong. Lvs. somewhat smaller; sub- 

 merged Ivs. usually present: fls. 1-13^ in. across, yellow; 

 sepals 5-6; stigma crenately toothed, bright red or crim- 

 son, 9-13-rayed. New Bruns. to Mich, and Pa. 



polysepalum, Engelm. Larger than N. advena, the 

 Ivs. three-fourths as broad as long, erect in shallow 

 water and floating in deep water: fls. 4-5 in. across, 

 yellow, the sepals 9-12, and the petals 12-18, cuneate. 

 Colo., Wyo. and northwestward. 



luteum, Sibth. & Smith. EUROPEAN YELLOW POND- 

 LILY. Lvs. cordate-ovate, floating or rising little above 

 the water; petiole triangular: fls. yellow, somewhat 

 fragrant, smaller than those of N. advena, the sepals 5, 

 petals very numerous; stigmas 10-30-rayed, with 

 entire margin. Eu. 



BB. Plant slender, often delicate. 

 minimum, Reichb. (N. piimilum, Smith). Slender: 

 Ivs. small, oblong, with a deep sinus and spreading 

 lobes; petiole slender, 2-edged: fls. 1 in. or less across, 

 yellow; sepals 5; petals 9-12; stigma 8-12-rayed, yellow, 

 margin prominently indented. Eu. Easily cult, and 

 free-flowering. 



microphyllum, Pers. (N. Kalmianum, R. Br.). Very 

 slender, with prominent submerged lettuce-like Ivs., 

 the emersed ones floating and only 3 or 4 in. long: fl. 1 

 in. or less across, yellow, with 5 sepals and thin spatulate 

 .petals; stigma 7-10-rayed, dark red. New Bruns. to Pa. 

 and Minn, and southward. 



AA. Lvs. long-sagittate or narrow-oblong. 



sagittaefolium, Pursh. Rather stout: emersed Ivs. 

 floating, about 1 ft. long and 2-3 in. wide, sinus open; 

 submerged Ivs. similar in shape, crispate, numerous: 

 fls. 1 in. across, yellow, the sepals 5, the petals spatu- 

 late; stigma 11-15-rayed: fr. almost cylindric. N. and 

 S.C. 



japdnicum, DC. Similar to the last. Submerged Ivs. 

 large, crisped: fl. 2-3 in. across: fr. flask-shaped. Japan. 

 A form with red-tipped stamens and sepals is cult. 



HENRY S. CONARD. 



NURSERY: in horticulture, an establishment for 

 the rearing of plants: Properly, a nursery exists for the 

 rearing of any kind of plant, but in America the word 

 is restricted to an establishment devoted to the growing 

 of hardy, more particularly woody plants. This is be- 

 cause of the early and great development of orcharding 

 and tree-planting and the relative infrequency at that 

 time of glass structures and private estates employing 

 gardeners. 



In North America the nursery business, as we now 

 know it, is practically an institution of the last cen- 

 tury, although there were nurseries more than a cen- 

 tury ago. Consult pages 1516-1518 for an historical 

 sketch of the nursery business; also in Vol. Ill the 

 biographies of nurserymen, as Barry, Berckmans, 

 Brackett, Bush, Cole, Conard, Dartt, Douglas, Downer, 

 Ellwanger, Garey, Heikes, Hogg, Hoopes, Hovey, 

 Kenrick, Kerr, Lewelling, Manning, Meehan, Moon, 

 Munson, Parsons, Prince, Ragan, Reasoner, Rock, 

 Roeding, Saul, Saunders, Shinn, Smith, Stark, Teas, 

 Thomas, Wharton, Woolverton, and others. 



As early as 1768, according to J. H. Hale, the New 

 York Society for Promotion of Arts awarded Thomas 

 Young a premium of 10 for the largest number of 

 apple trees, the number being 27,123 But the large 

 trading nursery developed simultaneously with the 



great orchard-planting industry which began in western 

 New York and extended westward, and, since the Civil 

 War, to the southward. The largest nursery center of 

 North America, considering the number of persons 

 engaged and the variety of stock grown, is western 

 New York, with headquarters in Rochester. Nearly 

 one-ninth of all the nurseries enumerated in 1890 were 

 in New York state, and these establishments employed 

 a capital of over $12,000,000. In 1909, New York still 

 led in the value of nursery products. Very extensive 

 nursery enterprises are now established in many other 

 parts of the country, and it is probable that the center of 

 the nursery business will move westward. 



In America, nursery stock is grown on a broad or 

 extensive rather than intensive scale. This is particu- 

 larly true of fruit-trees. These trees are to be set in 

 wide and open orchards, and the nursery practices are 

 therefore very unlike those that obtain in Europe. 

 In the latter country, for example, fruit-trees are 

 trained in the nursery row to assume definite shapes. 

 Some are trained for standards, to grow to one 

 straight, bare trunk. Others are trained for bush 

 specimens, some for growing on walls and espaliers, 

 some with round heads, some with conical heads, and 

 the like. It is the pride of the American nurseryman, 

 however, that his rows shall be perfectly even and uni- 

 form. Any break in this uniformity is considered 

 to be a blemish. If every tree could be a duplicate of 

 every other, his ideal would be attained. Ordinarily, 

 fruit trees are trained to single stems, the top starting 

 at 2 or 3 feet from the ground. 



All fruit trees are budded or grafted. In early days, 

 piece root-grafting the apple was a common practice in 

 the eastern states; but it has gradually given way to 

 budding and thereby a top is supplied with one whole 

 strong root. In some places, however, root-grafting is 

 still popular, partly because more than one tree may 

 be made from an individual root, and partly because 

 it allows the operator to use a long cion and to put 

 the foster root far below the surface, thereby allowing 

 the cion to send out its own roots and causing the tree 

 to become own-rooted and to have a known hardiness. 



In the use of whole roots, rather than pieces, there 

 is apparently little or no difference in the orchard 

 between the budded and grafted trees; but when graft- 

 ing is performed on pieces of root, the results are likely 

 to be unsatisfactory. Some varieties of apple, among 

 which may be mentioned Grimes Golden, are not long- 

 lived, being subject to collar-rot or other disabilities. 

 To correct this fault, nurserymen double-work these 

 weak varieties on the bodies of hardy long-lived, resist- 

 ant trees such as Northern Spy and others. 



There are many diseases and pests in the growing of 

 all kinds of nursery stock, and these are now treated in 

 official publications of government and experiment 

 stations. The extent of these dangers has resulted in 

 special laws and regulations to control the spread of 

 pests and diseases. See Inspection, page 1647. 



The most widespread and fundamental difficulty, 

 however, is the inability to grow many crops of trees 

 on the same land with good results. In fact, in the case 

 of fruit-trees, it is usually considered that land which 

 has been "treed" is therefore unfit for the growing of 

 other fruit stock until it shall have rested in clover or 

 other crops for a period of five years or more. Orna- 

 mental stock is often grown continuously on the same 

 land with good results, even when the same species is 

 grown. This is largely due to the fact that ornamental 

 stock is sold by its size and not by its age, and there- 

 fore rapidity of growth is not so important as it is in 

 the case of fruit-trees. It has been supposed that this 

 necessity of rotation is due to the exhaustion of certain 

 plant-food elements from the soil. It has been found 

 by experiments, however, that such is not the case. The 

 chief difficulty seems to be physical. Lands that are 

 devoted to nursery stock for one crop, which is from 



