2460 



PAPAVER 



PAPAYA 



bose, hispid or rarely glabrous. Arctic regions. E. and 

 W. hemispheres. The species runs into very many 

 botanical forms. In America a form or similar species 

 is found as far south as S. Colo. Gn. 26:380; 24, p. 

 342; 28, p. 58; 42, p. 584; 79, p. 42. G. 6:321; 7:66. 

 V. 13:297. B.M. 1633; 3035, and R.H. 1890:60 

 (P. croceum). F. S. 10:1017 (as var. croceum). The 

 following varieties are in the trade: album, auranti- 

 acum, coccineum, croceum, striatum, and sulphureum. 

 Double forms in the various colors are advertised. 

 Older names which are likely to appear are vars. luteum, 

 punfceum, and rilbro-aurantiacum. B.M. 2344. The 

 name "nudicaule" refers to the lack of Ivs. on the scape, 

 which distinguishes this and the alpine poppy from 

 the common corn poppy of Eu. P. greenldndicum, 

 Hort., is possibly a catalogue name for P. nudicaule. 

 The Iceland poppy is a favorite for spring bloom. 

 It is a hardy perennial, but blooms the first year 

 from seed. It has neat evergreen foliage on the ground. 



2754. Iceland poppy, Papaver nudicaule. ( X H) 



The colors have been much varied in the cult, 

 sorts, so that the gardener has choices in pure white, 

 bright yellows, orange, and orange-scarlet. If the seed- 

 pods are continuously removed, the plant will bloom 

 throughout most of the summer. The fls. are very useful 

 for cutting. 



P. Heldreichii, Hort.=P. Schinzianum, below. P. heteroph^l- 

 lum, Greene=Meconopsis heterophylla. P. Hdpkinsii, Hort. 

 Apparently perennial, and described as a particularly good poppy 

 of medium height with deep scarlet fls. on slender graceful sts. 

 Offered abroad. P. Mon&ii, Hort. Spontaneous hybrid between 

 P. glaucum and P. Rhoeas. P. pildse-bracteatum is a garden hybrid, 

 as indicated in the name. P. Schinzianum, Fedde. Probably a 

 garden hybrid between P. rupifragrum and a species allied to P. 

 lateritium, and which has been cult, as P. Heldreichii: fls. brick-red; 

 petals suborbicular-obovate, to 1% in. long: caps, obovoid-clavate. 



WILHELM MILLER. 

 L. H. B.| 



PAPAYA (Fig. 2755). The papaya (Carica Papaya) is 

 a well-known edible fruit which has spread from its orig- 

 inal home in America throughout the tropical world, and 

 is a favorite fruit in many regions. In Hawaii it is said 

 to rank next to the banana in popularity; in nearly all 

 parts of tropical America it is one of the commonest 

 fruits, while early in the seventeenth century it became 

 known in the Orient and is now grown in India, Ceylon, 

 the Malay Archipelago, and many other regions, as 

 well as in tropical Africa and Australia. The name 

 papaya is considered a corruption of the Carib ababai, 

 which in one form or another has been carried around 

 the world; papaia, papeya and papia are some of the 

 various adaptations which are in use. The English 

 name papaw (or pawpaw) is probably derived from the 

 same source, and is widely used; in the United States it 

 has the disadvantage of confusing this fruit with 

 Asimina triloba, which is well known in the central and 

 southeastern states under the same name. The Por- 

 tuguese name, current in Brazil, is mamao (the tree 

 mamoeiro) , a word probably referring to the mammiform 

 apex of the fruit; in the French colonies it is called 

 papaye (the plant papayer) ; in German colonies papaja 

 and papajabaum, or melonenbaum. Several other 

 names are used in tropical America, notably fruta de 

 bomba in Cuba, lechosa in Porto Rico, melon zapote in 

 parts of Mexico, and tree melon in English-speaking 

 countries. 



The papaya a giant herbaceous plant rather than 

 a tree grows to a height of 25 or 30 feet, and is often 

 likened to a palm in general appearance, though there 

 is, of course, no botanical relationship. The trunk is 

 commonly unbranched, bearing toward its apex large 

 soft deeply-lobed leaves sometimes 2 feet across, upon 

 stiff hollow petioles 2 feet or more in length. The wood 

 is fleshy, the bark smooth, grayish brown, marked by 

 prominent leaf -scars. 



The plant is normally dioecious, and produces its 

 flowers in the uppermost leaf-axils, the staminate ones 

 sessile on pendent racemes 3 feet or more in length, the 

 pistillate ones subsessile and usually solitary or in few- 

 flowered corymbs. The staminate flowers are funnel- 

 shaped, about an inch long, whitish, the corolla five- 

 lobed, with ten stamens in the throat; the pistillate 

 flowers are considerably larger, with five fleshy petals 

 connate toward the base, a large cylindrical or globose 

 superior ovary, and five sessile fan-shaped stigmas. 



Beside the typical dioecious form, in which male and 

 female flowers are confined to separate plants, it is not 

 unusual to find various other distributions of the sexes; 

 these have been studied in Hawaii by Higgins and Holt, 

 who describe (Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, 

 Bulletin No. 32) a number of different forms, such as the 

 occurrence of staminate flowers with more or less rudi- 

 mentary stigmas and ovaries which sometimes give 

 rise to small fruits; a hermaphrodite form, which regu- 

 larly produces perfect flowers and good fruits; and 

 various other combinations of staminate, pistillate and 

 hermaphrodite flowers on the same and different plants. 

 It will thus be seen that the distribution of the sexes in 

 the papaya is very irregular; it has been reported by 

 some authorities, indeed, that severe pruning or injury 

 to the tree sometimes results in a change of sex, but 

 this has been observed only on staminate trees of the 

 dicecious type. 



Aside from these variations in the distribution of the 



