PAPYRUS 



PARASITE 



2473 



many spreading spikelets; wings of rachilla lanceolate, 

 yello'w, falling early with the glumes; stamens 3, the 

 anthers joined by a crested connective: nut or fr. ellip- 

 soidal, 3-cornered, gray. Var. antiqudrum, Clarke (P. 

 antiquorum, Willd. P. mossambicensis, Parl. Cyperus 

 Papyrus, Linn., in part), has spikelets more or less 

 deciduous above the 2 lowest or empty 

 glumes, the wings of the rachilla obtuse and 

 tardily falling, the connective not crested. 

 This variety occurs in Trop. and N. Afr. 

 and in Palestine. 



The papyrus is popular about large tanks 

 or aquaria in greenhouses, and is often 

 bedded out about ponds in summer. Far 

 South it may stand in the open. It is 

 much used in California for adornment of 

 lawns, doing well even with a moderate 

 supply of water. The fluffy heads make 

 attractive house decoration. The papyri of 

 the ancient Egyptians were made of strips 

 taken from the culm or stem, from base to 

 apex, between the cortex and the core, 

 being laid side by side and beaten and 

 pressed together to form a continuous surface. 



The paper-reed is known best to horticulture as a 

 tender decorative plant, almost solely as an aquatic. 

 It stands by itself, unequaled and unrivaled as such. 

 It has tall dark green stems 10 or more feet high, 

 depending on mode of culture, surmounted with an 

 umbel of threadlike leaves or filaments, subdivided, 

 and forming a most graceful and ornamental object. 

 It is at home on the margin of a natural pond, or it 

 may be planted in a tub or box of rich soil and placed 

 in the artificial pond, but should be only slightly sub- 

 merged. The plant should not be subjected to a spray 

 from a fountain jet, as the weight of water will bend 

 and break the stems. They may also be planted in 

 groups similar to cannas, but should receive copious 

 supplies of water, otherwise they will be dwarf and 

 stunted. Propagation is effected by seed. Sow and 

 treat seedlings similar to Cyperus alternifolius, the com- 

 mon umbrella plant. Sow in early autumn or spring; 

 seedlings will make good plants the same season. 

 Winter the medium-sized plants in a cool greenhouse 

 with all light and air possible, else the plants become 

 drawn and weak and crippled with aphis. Large plants 

 may be divided in spring. (William Tricker.) 



L. H. B. 



PARACHUTE FLOWER: Ceropegia Sandenonii. 



PARADISEA (said to be from Paradise, of which this 

 plant is supposed to be a fit inhabitant). Often written 

 Paradisia. Liliaceie. ST. BRUXO'S LILY. Hardy herba- 

 ceous perennial, a single species, with small white 

 flowers, native in the Pyrenees, Apennines, Alps, and 

 Juras. 



St. Bruno's lily and St. Bernard's lily are advertised 

 in catalogues of hardy herbaceous plants as Anther- 

 icum Liliastrum and Anthericum Liliago, but the former 

 should be called Paradisea Liliastrum; the latter is 

 St. Bernard's lily. Both have white fls., borne in 

 early summer on scapes a foot or more high. The fls. of 

 both are tipped green outside. The Ivs. are linear, all 

 radical, and a foot or so long. Both plants are natives 

 of Cent. Eu., and by their popular names recall the life- 

 saving monks of the Alps. It is no wonder, then, that 

 they are often confused, although they belong to differ- 

 ent subtribes. The Paradisea has larger fls., which are 

 funnel-shaped rather than rotate, but the funda- 

 mental differences upon which Paradisea is made a 

 separate genus lie in the stamens. In Paradisea (accord- 

 ing to Bentham A: Hooker) the anthers are attached 

 at the middle of the back and are versatile; in Antheri- 

 cum the anthers are attached at their base and are 

 erect; moreover, the stamens of Paradisea are hypogy- 

 nous; of Anthericum, perigynous. Following are some 



of the other 'differences as given by Baker in Journ. 

 Linn. Soc. 15:286, 287, 301 (1877): 



Liliastrum, Bertol. (Anthericum LUidstrum, Linn. 

 Czdckia LUidstrum, Andrz.), has 6-8 Ivs.: scape 12-24 

 in. high; raceme 2-10-fld.; bracts lanceolate; perianth 

 18-21 lines long; style 15-18 lines long; ovary and caps. 



2763. Paramigyna monophylla. ( X H) 



oblong. Anthericum Liliago, Linn., has 12-20 Ivs.: 

 scape 6-15 in. high; raceme (sometimes panicled) 10-^20- 

 fld. ; bracts linear; perianth 6-9 lines long; style 5-6 lines 

 long; ovary and caps, globose. Some of the above char- 

 acters may not hold for cult, plants. 



Var. major, Hort., is much larger and a better form 

 than the type, growing 2-3 ft. high and bearing more 

 and larger fls. Gn. 9 : 12 (as Anthericum Liliastrum var.) 

 has fls. 2 in. long and 2% in. across. Var. giganteum, 

 Hort., is probably the same. P. Liliastrum and its vari- 

 eties are plants of secondary importance in the hardy 

 border; they are of simple cult.; prop, by division, or by 

 seeds sown as soon as ripe. WILBCELM MILLER. 



L. H. B.j 



PARADISE FLOWER: Strditzia Regime. 



PARAMIGYNA (from the Greek to mix with). 

 Rutdceae, tribe CUrese. Evergreen climbing shrubs native 

 to India and distantly related to the orange, but having 

 fruits filled with gum. 



Leaves alternate, unifoliolate, articulated with the 

 long petiole; spines recurved: fls. solitary or in clusters 

 in the axils of the Ivs., large, white, 4-5-merous with 

 8-10 free stamens; ovary 3-5-celled with 1-2 ovules in 

 each cell: fr. globose or elliptical, gummy, with a lemon- 

 like peel. Several species are known. The following is 

 being tested as a stock by the U. S. Dept. of Agric. 



monophylla, Wight. Fig. 2763. An evergreen climb- 

 ing shrub related to Citrus: Ivs. simple, alternate; 

 spines recurved: fls. large, white, 4-5-merous, with 

 free stamens: the young Ivs. are pendent, the twigs, 

 spines, petioles and leaves are all more or less hairy. 

 Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay, p. 200, fig. 122. Wight, 111. 

 Ind. Bot,, pi. 42. 



Several other species occur in the Indo-Malayan region; two 

 have recently been described from the Philippines: P. longi~ 

 pedunculaia, Merrill, a scandent shrub, closely related to P. mono- 

 phylla, from which it differs in its longer peduncles and several 

 other characters; P. mindanaensis, Merrill, a nearly glabrous 

 scandent shrub, with shining Ivs. and glabrous fr., usually curved. 



WALTER T. SWINGLE. 



PARA-TrOT: BerthoUeiia. 



PARASITE. A parasitic plant or animal is one 

 which fastens itself upon another living thing, pene- 

 trating the tissues of the host or organism attacked, 

 thus usually deriving some or all of its nutriment there- 

 from. Parasitic plants are numerous, but the larger 

 part of them are to be found among the fungi and the 

 bacteria. These two classes of organisms are the chief 

 causes of plant diseases, such as rusts, smuts, mil- 

 dews, and blights. It is with such parasites as these 

 that plant pathology is primarily concerned, and path- 



