2578 



PHENOLOGY 



The cork trees are usually medium-sized trees with 

 rather stout spreading branches, forming a round 

 broad head, with large leaves of aromatic odor when 

 bruised and turning yellow in autumn, and with in- 

 conspicuous greenish flowers followed by black berry- 

 like fruits remaining on the tree a long time after the 

 leaves have fallen. P. amurense and P. sachalinense 

 are hardy North, while the other species seem some- 

 what tenderer but have proved hardy as far north as 

 Massachusetts. They are of rapid growth when young 

 and seem to grow in almost any kind of soil. The first- 

 named species has been recommended as a street tree 

 for western cities, as it resists drought and heat in 

 summer and seems not to be attacked by insects. 

 Propagation is by seeds, which are produced freely 

 when both sexes are planted, and by root cuttings dug 

 up in fall and stored during the whiter in moist sand 

 or sphagnum' cuttings taken from the tree in July 

 with a "heel of older wood will root in gentle heat. 



A. Lvs. glabrous beneath or with a few scattered hairs on 



the midrib, glaucescent or glaucous. 



amurense, Rupr. AMOOR CORK TREE. Tree, to 50 

 ft.: bark of the trunk light gray, corky, deeply fissured: 

 1 -year-old branchlets orange-yellow or yellowish gray, 

 almost glabrous: Ifts. 5-13, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 

 narrowed or rounded at the base, long-acuminate, 

 minutely crenulate, and ciliate, dark green and lustrous 

 above, glaucescent and glabrous beneath or with a few 

 scattered hairs near the base of the midrib, 2-4 in. long: 

 infl. puberulous: fr. globose, black, about M~H m - 

 across, with a strong turpentine-like odor when bruised, 

 in broad panicles, 2-3K in. across. June. N. China, 

 Amurland, Japan. S.T.S. 1:93. S.I.F. 2:33. Var. 

 dlbp-variegatum, Schwerin. Lvs. variegated with large 

 white blotches. A hybrid between this species and P. 

 japonicum has been observed in the Botanic Garden at 

 Lund, Sweden. 



sachalinense, Sarg. Tree, to 50 ft.: bark of the 

 trunk dark brown, slightly fissured and broken into 

 thin plates, not corky: 1-year-old branchlets reddish 

 brown: Ifts. 7-11, ovate to ovate-oblong, acuminate, 

 cuneate or rounded at the base, minutely crenulate and 

 glabrous or sparingly ciliate on the margin, dull green 

 above, glaucescent beneath and glabrous or nearly so, 

 3-5 in. long: infl. nearly glabrous: fr. black, ^in. across 

 or slightly more, in broad panicles 2-3K in. across. 

 June. Saghalin, Korea, N. Japan, W. China. S.T.S. 

 1:94. This is the most satisfactory and hardiest 

 species in cult. ; it forms a tall trunk with a broad crown. 



AA. Lvs. pubescent beneath, at least on the veins, and pale 

 green or grayish green. 



B. Infl. as broad or nearly as broad as high: ovary glabrous. 

 Lavallei, Dode. Tree, to 30 or occasionally to 50 ft.: 



bark corky: 1-year-old branchlets purplish brown: 

 If.-rachis puberulous or pubescent; Ifts. 5-13, elliptic- 

 ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at the 

 base, minutely crenulate and ciliate, dull yellowish 

 green above, pubescent beneath while young, at 

 maturity often only on the veins, 2-4 in. long: infl. 

 puberulous: fr. black, J^in. across, in rather loose broad 

 panicles 2>-4 in. across. June. Cent. Japan. I.T. 

 5:171 (as P. amurense). Often confused with P. 

 japonicum and cult, under that name. 



japdnicum, Maxim. Tree, to 30 ft., with slightly 

 fissured dark brown bark, not corky: 1-year-old 

 branches reddish brown: If.-rachis densely villous or 

 tomentose; Ifts. 9-13, ovate to ovate-oblong, acuminate, 

 truncate or subcordate and very unequal at the base, 

 minutely crenulate and ciliate, dull green above, villous 

 beneath all over, more densely on the veins, 3-4 in. 

 long: infl. hoary-tomentose : fr. black, nearly Kin. 

 thick, in broad panicles 2-3 K in. across. June. Cent. 

 Japan. S.T.S. 1:95. 



BB. Infl. distinctly higher than broad: ovary pubescent. 

 chinense, Schneid. Tree, to 30 ft. : bark dark grayish 

 brown, slightly fissured, not corky: 1-year-old branch- 

 lets purplish brown: Ifts. 7-13, oblong-ovate to oblong- 

 lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate at 

 the base, dark yellowish green above, villous beneath, 

 3K-5K in. long: infl. densely pubescent: fr. black, 

 nearly Kin. across, in panicles about 1-2K in. broad and 

 2-3 in. long. Cent. China. Var. glabriusculum, Schneid. 

 (P. sinense, Dode). Lfts. pubescent only on the veins 

 beneath. Cent, and W. China. ALFRED REHDER. 



PHELYR&A (after Louis and Hier. Phelipeaux). 

 Also spelled Phelipsea. Orobanchaceae. Herbs, puber- 

 ulent or glabrous, from a thick short few-scaled base: 

 scapes simple, elongated, remotely few-scaled or the 

 elongated peduncles naked, scape-like, always 1-fld., 

 bractless; calyx 5-parted, broad-campanulate, lobes 

 acute, unequal; corolla-tube broadly ventricose, in- 

 curved, limb sub-2-labiate, with 5 broadly rounded 

 not very unequal lobes, anterior lip at base gibbous or 

 with 2 broad glandulose-pubescent spots; stamens 

 included; ovary with 4 placenta?: fr. a perfect 2-valved 

 acute, ovate caps. About 5 species, chiefly in the 

 Orient, but also in N. Afr. and Asia. P. folidta, Lamb. 

 Parasitic leafless herb 1-1 K ft. high: sts. simple, rather 

 stout, glandular-puberulous, reddish: fl. solitary, termi- 

 nal, ebracteate; calyx campanulate, unequally 5-lobed, 

 usually somewhat 2-lipped, lobes oblong or ovate, deep 

 red or chestnut-brown; corolla ringent, tube widely 

 and obliquely campanulate, orange flushed with red 

 outside, limb 2-lipped, reddish yellow outside, brilliant 

 crimson within, the throat with 2 black hirsute spots: 

 fr. a wide ovate caps, nearly Kin. long. Caucasus. It 

 has been raised in botanic gardens in Eu. 



F. TRACY HUBBARD. 



PHENOLOGY (contraction of phenomenology; that 

 is, the science of phenomena) is the study of the rela- 

 tionships between the climate of any place and the 

 annual periods of plants and animals. Plants vege- 

 tate, bloom, and ripen fruit at more or less definite 

 seasons, each after its kind; animals mate, bear young, 

 migrate and hibernate each also after its kind; but 

 these recurring events are related to the climate in 

 which these things live: with these inter-relationships 

 phenology has to do. The most complete means of 

 comparing the climate of one year with that of another 

 are the life-events of the animals and plants of the 

 years. Thermometrical readings are the customary 

 measures, but the thermometers record only tempera- 

 ture, whereas local climate is modified by conditions 

 of humidity, cloudiness, the sequence of atmospheric 

 changes., and many subtle agencies which cannot be 

 measured by means of instruments. Living things are 

 the agents that really measure climate. A record of 

 the life-events of living things, therefore, even though 

 imperfect, should contribute to the science of clima- 

 tology; and incidentally it should contribute much to 

 the science of biology. Records of plant-events are 

 more comparable than those of animal-events, because 

 plants are stationary and have no volition to adapt 

 themselves to inclemencies by means of change of 

 position, diet, or otherwise; therefore, plants emphati- 

 cally express climatal influence. A record of the first 

 blooming of a given apple tree, for example, during a 

 series of years would give comparable measures of the 

 lateness or earliness of the different seasons. Most so- 

 called phenological observations in this country have 

 been mere records of dates of blooming, leafing, migra- 

 tion of birds, peeping of frogs, and the like, without 

 correlative data respecting the local climate. They are 

 therefore of relatively little consequence to science. In 

 this country the literature of phenology is meager. See 

 Bailey, Essay 17, "Survival of theUnlike,"and "Weather 

 Review," Sept. 1896, U. S. Weather Bureau. L. jj. B. 



