2646 



PINUS 



PIPER 



tree, allied to P. nigra: Ivs. 3-4 in. long: cone 3 in. long, with im- 

 pressed dull umbo furnished with a small curved prickle. Greece. 

 G.C. II. 21:740. P. insuldris, Endl. Tall tree: Ivs. 3, flaccid and 

 very slender, 7-9 in. long: cones conic-ovate, 2^-3 in. long; 

 scales with low pyramidal, sharply keeled apex and obtuse or on 

 the upper scales mucronulate umbo. Philippine Isls. Not yet 

 intro. P. latifdlia, Sarg. (P. Mayriana, Sudw.) Tree, to 60 ft., 

 allied to P. ponderosa: Ivs. 12-15 in. long and ^in. wide: cones 

 oblique at the base, 3-1 in. long. Ariz. S.S. 11:565. G.F. 2:496; 

 8:25. Not hardy N. P. latisquama, Engelm.=P. Pinceana. 

 P. leiophjlla, Schlecht. & Cham. Allied to P. Lambertiana. Tall 

 tree: Ivs. usually 5, slender, grayish green, 4-6 in. long: cones 

 ovoid, nearly symmetrical, 2-3 in. long, with small recurved pricK- 

 les. Mex. Var. chihuahuana, Shaw (P. chihuahuana, Engelm.). 

 Lvs. usually 3 or 4, stouter and shorter. Calif, to New Mex. and 

 Mex. S.S. 11:566. G.F.8:24. P. macropAj/Wa, Lindl., not Engelm. 

 =P. Montezumse. P. Mayriana, Sudw. P. latifolia. P. Monte- 

 ziimse, Lamb. (P. Gordoniana, Hartw. P. Grenvillse, Gord. P. 

 macrophylla, Lindl., not Engelm.). Tree, to 80 ft. and more: allied 

 to P. Torreyana: Ivs. glaucous or green, 7-16 in. long: ^ones 4-14 

 in. lone, light brown; apophysis depressed pyramidal, with a short, 

 recurved spine. Mex. G.C. III. 8:465-7, 475; 15:271, 273. Gn. 

 56, p. 481; 58, p. 397. Very variable species, as the numerous 

 (about 70) synonyms show. Not hardy N. P. Nelsonii, Shaw. 

 Allied to P. cembroides. Low bushy tree to 30 ft. : Ivs. with per- 

 sistent sheaths 3, 2J^-3>i in. long, serrulate: cones on stout curved 

 peduncles, cylindric; seeds wingless. Mex. G.C. III. 36:122; 37: 

 306. P. pdtula, Schiede. Allied to P. Tseda. Tree, to 80 ft.: Ivs. 

 sometimes 4 or 5, drooping, light green, 7-9 in. long: cones oblong- 

 ovate, oblique with depressed knobs, 4 in. long. Mex. G.C. II. 

 23:108, 109, 117; III. 9:435. Graceful tree, but not hardy N. P. 

 Picea, Linn.=Abies Picea. P. Pinceana, Gprd. (P. latisquama, 

 Engelm.). Allied to P. cembroides. Low tree with slender branches: 

 Ivs. usually 3, entire, 5-6 in. long: cones oblong-ovate, long-stalked, 

 2J4-3Ji in. long; seeds wingless. Mex. G.C. II. 18:713; III. 38: 

 122. P. piimila, Regel (P. Cembra var. pumila, Pall.). Shrubby, 

 often procumbent, allied to P. Cembra, but resin-ducts of Ivs. 

 xternal: Ivs. lJi-3 in. long: cone IJi in. long; seed %in. long. 

 N.E. Siberia to Japan. Hardy. S.I.F. 2:1. G.C. III. 46:193. 

 M.D. 1912, pp. 159, 161. ALFRED REHDER. 



PIPER (the ancient Latin name). Piperacese. PEP- 

 PER. A vast genus (probably 600 to 700 species) of both 

 the Old and New Worlds, mostly in the tropics, a few 

 of which are in cultivation as greenhouse foliage sub- 

 jects and in collections of economic plants. 



Pipers are mostly dioecious: erect or climbing woody 

 plants, or sometimes herbaceous, and some are trees: 

 fls. very minute, borne beneath decurrent bracts in 

 slender, erect or drooping axillary spikes or catkins; 

 perianth none; stamens usually 1-4; ovary 1-loculed, 

 with a solitary erect ovule: fr. a small globular drupe 

 or berry: Ivs. alternate, stipulate, usually entire. The 

 pepper of commerce is the product of P. nigrum. The 

 family contains many plants with aromatic, pungent and 

 stimulating qualities. Some of them are used in medicine, 

 and others yield intoxicating and masticatory products. 

 For red pepper and chilli or chile pepper, see Capsicum 

 and Pepper. To this genus are also referred Enckea 

 and species sometimes grown under the name of Chavica. 



In choice collections, one is likely to find several 

 species, but as they seldom fruit it is very difficult 

 to determine then* species. In the following list are 

 all the names that have appeared in the American trade. 

 Piper is an exceedingly difficult genus to the systematist 

 because of the great numbers of species, the variation of 

 foliage in the same plant at different epochs, the diffi- 

 culty of matching the sexes of the same species, the 

 imperfect specimens in herbaria, and the scarcity of 

 good studies of the plants in the wild. They are easy of 

 cultivation. Most of those known in houses require a 

 warmhouse temperature and a humid atmosphere. 

 Easily multiplied by cuttings of the firm wood. They 

 are grown for the decorative value of their drooping or 

 bushy sprays. 



A. Plant erect, and bushy or arboreous. 

 excelsum, Forst. (Macroplper excelsum, Miq.; see 

 p. 1962, Vol. IV). Glabrous shrub, reaching 20 ft. in 

 some of its native places: Ivs. aromatic, cordate-orbicu- 

 lar to ovate, stalked, short-acuminate, 7-9-nerved from 

 the base, the blade 2-4 in. across: spikes short-ped- 

 uncled, the staminate ones 2-3 in. long and the bracts 

 peltate, the stamens 2 or 3; pistillate spikes shorter, the 

 fls. usually with 3 stigmas. New Zeal, and other S. 

 Pacific islands. Offered in Calif. A form with yellow- 



blotched or cream-colored foliage is known as var. 

 aureo-pictum. 



methysticum, Forst. (P. inebrians, Spland. Macro- 

 piper methysticum, Hook & Arn.). Dio3cious shrub, 

 8-10 ft., nearly glabrous: Ivs. round-oval, deeply cor- 

 date at base, acuminate at apex, slightly pubescent 

 beneath on the nerves and on the short petiole: spikes 

 mostly shorter than the Ivs. and opposite them. Pacific 

 islands. From the root of this plant is made the drink 

 known as kava, ava, yaquona. 



geniculatum, Swartz (Artdnthe geniculata, Miq.). 

 Shrub with swollen nodes, the branchlets glabrous: lys. 

 oblong or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, with 

 several pairs of prominent veins, the petioles canalicu- 

 late : spikes or catkins 3-5 in. long, on peduncles as long 

 as the petioles. W. Indies, S. Amer. Offered hi S. Calif. 



AA. Plant climbing, or drooping when not given support. 



B. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, deciduous. 

 Futokadsura, Sieb. JAPANESE PEPPER. Clinging 

 closely to walls by its aerial roots: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate 

 and acuminate, cordate at base, glabrous: fls. greenish: 

 berries globose, red or brownish. Japan. Handsome 

 plant, withstanding considerable frost. 



BB. Lvs. broadly ovate or roundish, evergreen. 



nigrum, Linn. BLACK PEPPER. Plant woody 

 below: st. strong, terete, emitting roots, tall-climbing, 

 glabrous: Ivs. thickish, stalked, broadly ovate-oblong or 

 nearly orbicular, the base usually rounded and oblique, 

 5-9-nerved above the base, the nerves alternate: fls. 

 sometimes polygamous but usually dioecious: fr. glo- 

 bose, red. Old World tropics, but now widely dispersed 

 in warm countries. B.M. 3139. Sometimes grown 

 in hothouses, particularly amongst collections of eco- 

 nomic plants. In the wild it is a strong climber, rooting 

 at the nodes, sometimes reaching 20 ft. in height. It is 

 reported as hardy at Santa Barbara, blooming but not 

 fruiting. The dried berries, which are collected before 

 ripe, are black and wrinkled, and constitute the black 

 pepper of commerce. When the outer skin is removed 

 from the ripe fruit, the product is white pepper. The 

 commercial pepper comes mostly from eastern tropics. 



Cubeba, Linn. (Cubeba officinalis, Raf.). CUBES. 

 Climbing or tree-like: Ivs. glabrous, oval, short-acumi- 

 nate, obliquely cordate, the upper ones smaller and 

 oval-oblong, somewhat unlike on plants of the different 

 sexes: peduncle glabrous, about the length of petiole or 

 somewhat surpassing it; stigmas 4: fr. a subglobose 

 somewhat apiculate stalked berry, resembling that of 

 P. nigrum. E. Indies. The fr. is employed in medicine. 



ornatum, N. E. Br. Climbing, 10-15 ft. tall, glabrous, 

 rooting at nodes: Ivs. glabrous "and directed to one 

 side;" petioles slender and nearly terete, the blade pel- 

 tate, ovate-orbicular, with a short, rather blunt point, 

 the nerves 7 but not prominent above and uniting in 

 loops on the margin, the upper surface of the young Ivs. 

 shining green and covered with pinkish spots, the old 

 Ivs. duller and whiter-spotted. Celebes. 



P. Betle, Linn. BETEL (which see, p. 496). Climbing, nearly or 

 quite glabrous: Ivs. large and thick, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 

 usually oblique at base, strongly 5-7-nerved: spikes often 4-6 in. 

 long: fr. very fleshy, often cohering into a long-cylindrical mass. 

 Eastern tropics. B.M. 3132. Lvs. of this and others chewed by 

 natives with the betel-nut. P. metdllicum, Hort. (Hallier?). Lvs. 

 thick, rounded, handsome metallic green. Borneo. P. officina- 

 l-urn, C. DC. (Chavica officinarum, Hort.?) has long-elliptic some- 

 what sharp-pointed feather-veined coriaceous Ivs. and globular 

 united berries in a dense spike. India and Malaya. P. porphy- 

 rophyttum, N. E. Br. (Cissus porphyrophylla, Lindl., and of horti- 

 culturists). Handsome climbing foliage plant with broadly cor- 

 date-oval short-pointed Ivs. that are purple beneath and bronzy 

 green and pink-spotted along the veins above. Probably E. Indies. 

 F.S. 14:1491. R.H. 1883, p. 560. Lowe, 59. P. rubronoddsum, 

 Bull. Shrub, with red-jointed roughish sts. : Ivs. cordate-ovate, 

 somewhat blistered, silvery gray, the petiole pubescent. Colombia. 

 P. rubrovendsum, Hort. Climbing: Ivs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, 

 marked with rose-colored dots and streaks along the veins. Very 

 like P. ornatum, and perhaps not distinct. Papua. I.H. 34:33. 



L. H. B. 



