2662 



PLANTING 



PLANTING 



graceful way. If it encroaches upon the walk, cut 

 away the encroaching branch near the root so that the 

 mark of the knife will not be noticed. Such treatment 

 will help to retain the winter beauty of the branches. 



The value of shrubbery 

 is not appreciated, either 

 as part in a landscape 

 design or as furnishing for 

 a place. In combination 

 with trees and woods, it 

 ties the planting together, 

 providing easy gradations 

 from greensward up to the 

 tops of trees. Merely to 

 relieve bareness, shrubs 

 are of singular value, as 

 in the suggestion in Fig. 

 3000, and again, even 

 when slight in quantity, 

 in Fig. 3001. The back- 

 ground in Fig. 3002 is 

 brought down to the 

 ground-line by greenery, 

 mostly of shrub growth. 

 The beauties of Fig. 3003 

 are in large part the shrub 

 forms and colors, and the 

 arrangement insures much 

 of the general effect. The 

 reader will find that most 

 verdurous landscapes that please him will have then- 

 furniture of shrub and bush. o C. SIMONDS. 



Woods in the landscape. 



The principal elements of landscape are atmospheric 

 conditions, irregularities of the earth's surface, water, 

 artificial constructions, herb and shrub ground-cover, 

 and the woods. In the United States the great areas 

 east, west, north, and south of the treeless prairie 

 regions were mostly in evergreen or deciduous woods. 

 Industries, habitation, and cultivation have divided the 

 great wooded areas into small wood-lots and into forests 

 that are for the most part broken into sprout- and tree- 

 growth areas as the cordwood or timber is harvested in 

 thirty- to sixty-year periods. The corresponding land- 

 scape modifications to that offered by this cutting of 

 the forests is presented by homestead tree plantations 

 that have broken the great unobstructed herb-covered 

 prairie sweeps into series of tree-framed vistas. This 

 offers a striking example of the importance of woods 

 in landscape. 



3001. A protection of shrub 

 and tree forms. 



3002. A verdurous landscape of tree and shrub. Thiergarten, Berlin. 



In the arid regions of the West, the woods are con- 

 fined to a meager growth in places made moist by 

 springs, streams, or by irrigation, to mountain slopes 

 and valleys, and to the humid regions and mountain 

 valleys of the Northwest. In this last section, the 

 region of sequoias, pines, spruces, and firs, are the state- 

 liest cone-bearing forests of the continent. The white 

 and Norway pines of the Northeast and the long-leaf 

 pine of the Southeast, only approach the Pacific Coast 

 Range trees in grandeur. 



As landscapes of the highest types of beauty include 

 woods, and as wood has a high economic value, one 

 should determine how best to save woods for their 

 beauty and to set aside the areas that should be har- 

 vested. To fix upon areas to be kept in woods and those 

 to be used for agriculture, industries, and habitation, 

 economic surveys should be made of large areas. In 

 such surveys land that is ill fitted for cultivation should 

 be outlined and set aside in public reservation, with a 

 view to maintaining it largely in forests. Land that is 

 suitable for cultivation, habitation, and industries 

 should be set aside for these purposes, and the forests 

 stripped therefrom as the land is needed. This country- 

 side planning is already being worked out in the study 

 of city and county. The plans of the regions about 

 Boston, Massachusetts, in Essex County, New Jersey, 

 and Cook County, Illinois, and of such towns as Hope- 

 dale, Massachusetts, represent studies in which forest 

 areas are set aside, in public reservations, and the forest 

 growth encouraged thereon. 



It is not to be assumed that such forests are without 

 other economic values than the recreation they offer to 

 many persons. It has been found possible in the 

 development of such areas to increase the beauty of the 

 forests and to secure a money-return that will nearly, 

 if not quite, cover the cost of the cutting from the sale 

 of forest-thinning products. It is likely that under 

 wise management such forests can be constantly 

 increased in beauty with little or no burden of cost. 



In the areas that are assigned in the economic study 

 of a region for other purposes than permanent forest 

 holdings, the existing forest growth may often be con- 

 tinued for many years as the principal crop, or new 

 forests may even be planted and grown before the time 

 comes to cultivate the land in annual crops. 



In the development of woods in landscape, the work 

 can be performed in such a way as greatly to increase 

 the beauty of the existing growth, which now is seldom 

 the primeval growth, by thinning to develop the finest 

 specimens and the finest groups of trees. A selection 

 can also be made in the cutting to increase the domi- 

 nance of different species in different localities. Cut- 

 ting may often be made to open vistas and 

 wide views from particularly attractive 

 viewpoints. It can also be made to develop 

 more attractive sky-lines and foliage- 

 masses as seen from valley viewpoints or 

 from hilltop and ridges to distant hills and 

 ridges. 



The larger factors of beauty in land- 

 scape and the economic values of woods 

 are of interest to the general public. To 

 the individual owner of estates and home- 

 grounds the woods have a more intimate 

 and personal interest. Such owners are 

 concerned about the protection against 

 drifting snow, bleak wind, and hot sun, 

 a shelter for the bird-life that protects the 

 crops, a setting and a background for their 

 home buildings to merge them into an 

 agreeable landscape picture, a ramble and 

 a picnic place where the wild flowers, the 

 fruits, and the autumn leaves can be found 

 by the children who love the woods. The 

 wood-lot is also a place where many sticks 

 of timber for special purposes and some 



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