POLLEN 



with their own pollen. 4 per cent of the self-pollinated 

 blossoms producing fruit; but bore a much heavier 

 crop when pollinated with Duchess, Lawrence, and 

 other varieties, 76 per cent of the crossed blossoms pro- 

 ducing fruit. Yellow Xewtown is distinctly self-fer- 

 tile in Oregon, yet Lewis noted a decided improvement 

 in the fruit when Jonathan and Grimes pollen was 

 used upon it. He concluded, "All varieties of pome- 

 fruits, at least of apples and pears, even though they 

 may be termed self-fertile, are benefited by having 

 other varieties planted with them as pollenizers." The 

 benefit will usually more than offset the slight incon- 

 venience in orchard management occasioned by this 

 mixed planting. The chief economic problem for the 

 experimenter, therefore, is to determine what commer- 

 cial varieties may be planted together for best results; 

 and the rational course for the fruit-grower is to prac- 

 tise mixed planting on the basis of these experiments. 



Those who wish to study the subject of fruit-pollina- 

 tion in greater detail should consult the following publi- 

 cations: Vermont Experiment Station Reports, 1896- 

 1900; Delaware Experiment Station Reports, 1900- 

 1902; Oregon Experiment Station Bulletin No. 104, 

 Circular No. 20, Research Bulletin No. 1; New York 

 (Geneva) Experiment Station Reports, 1892-1895; 

 Bulletins Nos. 153, 157, 169, 223; Wisconsin Experiment 

 Station Reports, 1894-1896; New York (Cornell) 

 Experiment Station Bulletin No. 181; North Carolina 

 State Experiment Station Bulletins Nos. 201, 209; 

 United States Department of Agriculture, Division of 

 Vegetable Pathology, Bulletin No. 5; Minnesota 

 Experiment Station Bulletin No. 144: Missouri Experi- 

 ment Station Bulletin No. 117; Virginia Experiment 

 Station Report 1909-1910. S. W. FLETCHEB. 



POLLIA (named after van der Poll). Commdina- 

 ccst. Perennial herbs: sts. ascending from a creeping 

 base or often erect, sometimes stout: Ivs. very large: 

 infl. terminal panicles either lax thyrsoid, or short and 

 dense; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, small, obovate, 

 white or pale rose; stamens 6 or 3 and 3 staminodes; 

 ovary 3-celled, 2- to many-seeded: fr. a globose or 

 ellipsoid indehiscent caps. About 18 species in Afr., 

 India. Malaya. E. Asia, the Philippines, and Austral. 

 P. condensala, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous: sts. 2-6 

 ft. long, thick: Ivs. 12x3 in., lanceolate-obovate, acu- 

 minate at either end: panicle 20-40-fld., dense: sta- 

 mens 3, fertile. Trop. Afr. Var. variegata, Hort., differs 

 from the type in having the long dark green, oblong- 

 lanceolate Ivs. variegated with yellowish white. Trop. 

 Afr. R.B. 34:407. -Grown for ornament. 



POLYANTHUS. In common speech Polyanthus 

 means the florists' flower supposed to be derived 

 chiefly from Primula elatior or its allies. The "Poly- 

 anthus Narcissus" of trade catalogues is one of the 

 forms of Narcissus Tazetta, an old synonym of which 

 was Xarcissus Polyanthos. Polyanthus may also mean 

 the tuberose, Polianthes, which see. There is no genus 

 known as Polyanthus. 



POLYBOTRYA (Greek, many and grapes; referring 

 to the massed sporangia). Polypodiacese. A small group 

 of tropical ferns somewhat related to Dryopteris, but 

 characterized by having the sporangia massed and 

 covering the entire under side of the fertile Ivs. as 

 in Acrostichum, to which the species have been re- 

 ferred: Ivs. 1-4 times pinnate, the fertile Ivs. reduced 

 so in tissue that they consist of little more than lf.- 

 skeletons, affording space for the production of the 

 sporangia. 



osmundacea, HBK. Rootstock wide, climbing, with 

 long, linear scales: sterile Ivs. 2-3 ft. long, the lower 

 pinnae 8-10 in. long, with numerous slightly stalked 

 segms., veins free; fertile Ivs. tripinnate, with the lower 

 pinna 1-2 ft. long. 4-8 in. wide, with narrow, cylindric 



POLYGALA 



2737 



segms. J^-Min. long. W. Indies to Brazil. Probably 

 the handsomest of the climbing kinds. Another cult, 

 species sometimes included in this genus is designated 

 here Olfersia cervina (Acrostichum cervinum), which see. 



R. C. BENEDICT. 



POLYCALtMMA: Myriocephalus. 



POLYCYCNIS (Greek, many and swan, probably 

 referring to the lip and column which together bear 

 some resemblance to a swan). Orchidacex. Epiphytic 

 herbs with very short vaginate 1-lvd. sts.. scarcely 

 thickened to a fleshy pseudpbulb: If. broad, plicate- 

 veined, contracted to the petiole: scapes erect from the 

 rhizome, few-sheathed; fls. rather large, pedicelled; 

 sepals subequal, free, spreading, narrow; petals similar 

 to the sepals or at the base narrower and substipitate, 

 labellum affixed to the base of the column, spreading, 

 sometimes 2-auricled at the base, column elongated, 

 slender: fr. a caps. About 7 species in Trop. Amer. P. 

 Chdrlesworthti, Hort. Infl. long and arching, bearing 

 about 50 fls. which are 1 in. across; sepals broad, yel- 

 lowish, closely mottled with pale red-brown, the upper 

 abruptly turned back; petals linear, twisted, yellow, 

 slightly marked with red at the base; Up long, narrow, 

 brownish with whitish hairs. British Guiana. Intro, 

 abroad and offered for sale there. The following species 

 may have been cult.: P. barbata, Reichb. f. (Cycnbches 

 barbatum, Lindl.); P. gratibsa, Endres & Reichb. f.; 

 P. lepida, Lind. & Reichb. f.; P. musdfera, Reichb. f. 

 (Cycnbches musciferum, Lindl. & Paxt.); and P. vittata, 

 Reichb. f . (Houlletia vittata, Lindl.). Warmhouse plants. 



F. TRACT HUBBARD. 



POLYGALA (Greek, much milk; from the old idea 

 that some species increased the flow of milk). Poly- 

 galacese. MILKWORT. Annual or perennial herbs, sub- 

 shrubs, shrubs or very seldom trees, sometimes planted 

 in the open or some kinds raised under glass for the 

 bloom. . 



Leaves alternate or rarely opposite or verticulate, 

 with or without stipules: infl. racemes or spikes, ter- 

 minal, lateral, or forked, rarely axillary; fls. showy or 



3099. Polygala pautifolia. 



small, colors various; calyx with very dissimilar sepals, 

 the lateral (inner) pair larger; petals rarely 5, usually 

 reduced to 3 ; stamens 8; ovary 2-celled : fr. a compressed 

 2-celled wing-margined or wingless caps. About 550 

 species scattered through the temperate and subtropical 

 regions of the world and a few species in the tropics. 



Polygalas from a cultural standpoint may be grouped 

 as hardy and tender species and the latter are some- 

 times cultivated under glass, frequently outdoors in 

 the South, as in southern California. There are about 



