RAPHIA 



RASPBERRY 



2911 



height: Ivs. 6-7 ft. long; Ifts. spiny: spadix about 8 ft. 

 long, laxly branched: fr. cylindric-ellipsoid, shortly 

 mucronate, 3 in. long, 8-9 rows of deeply grooved scales. 

 Trop. Afr. The natives make wine from the sap of the 

 trunk and which they call "bourdon." 



F. TRACY HUBBARD. 



RAPHIOLEPIS (Greek, raphis, needle, and lepis, 

 scale; referring to the subulate bracts). Sometimes 

 spelled Rhaphiolepis. Rosacese, subfamily Pbmex. Orna- 

 mental shrubs grown for their handsome foliage and 

 attractive white or pinkish flowers. 



Leaves persistent, alternate, short-petioled, serrate, 

 rarely entire: fls. in terminal racemes or panicles; 

 sepals triangular; petals 5, oblong or obovate; stamens 

 15-20; ovary completely inferior; styles 2-3, connate 

 toward the base : fr. subglobose, purplish black or bluish 

 black with 1 large subglobose or 2 partly compressed 

 seeds. Two or perhaps 4 species in S. Japan and China. 



These are handsome evergreen shrubs with alternate 

 or obscurely whorled leaves, white or slightly pinkish 

 flowers and smah 1 pea-sized black fruits. None of the 

 species is hardy North, but R. umbettata will stand 

 about 10 of frost or even more with some protection; 

 they are well suited for cultivation in the southern 

 states and California. They will thrive in any good 

 well-drained soil, and if cultivated in pots, a compost of 

 sandy loam and leaf-mold or peat will suit them. 

 Propagation is by seeds or by cuttings of ripened wood 

 under glass late in summer; also by layers, and some- 

 times grafted on hawthorn. 



umbellata, Schneid. (R. japonica, Sieb. & Zucc.). 

 Shrub, to 12 ft., with stout upright branches: Ivs. 

 short-petioled, elliptic to broadly oval or obovate, 

 obtuse or acutish, narrowed at the base, crenate-ser- 

 rate,. dark green and lustrous above, pale beneath, 

 floccose-tomentose when young, thick, 1^-3 in. long: 

 fls. white, %in. across, fragrant, in dense, tomentqse 

 panicles or racemes; petals obovate, obtuse: fr. to J^in. 

 across. May, June. S. Japan and adjacent islands. 

 S.Z. 1:85. Gn. 22, p. 43; 32, p. 20; 34, p. 158. G. 

 7:165; 10:224. Var. ovata, Schneid. (R. ovata, Briot). 

 Lvs. broadly obovate, rounded at the apex. R.H. 1870, 

 p. 348. G.W. 4, p. 129; 14, p. 323. J.H. III. 47:521; 

 69:81. Var. integerrima, Rehd. (R. japdnica var. inte- 

 gerrima, Hook.). Lvs. entire or nearly so, broadly obo- 

 vate. B.M. 5510. 



indica, Lindl. (R. rubra, Lindl. Crat&gus indica, 

 Linn.). INDIAN HAWTHORN. Shrub, to 5 ft., with 

 slender spreading branches: Ivs. obovate to oblong- 

 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed at 

 the base, serrate, glabrous or slightly pubescent when 

 unfolding, lJ^-2^ in. long: fls. white or pinkish, about 

 J^in- across, in glabrous or somewhat tomentose, 

 rather loose panicles; sepals lanceolate, acute, usually 

 red like the filaments; petals acute: fr. *fc-J$ in. across. 

 May, June. S. China. B.M. 1726. B.R. 1468; 1400 

 (as R. rubra). L.D. 4:247 (as Cratsegus sinensis). 

 A very variable species; several forms have been 

 described as distinct species, as R. Phseostemon, R. 

 rubra and R. salicifolia, Lindl. The last named, which 

 is var. salicifolia, Nichols., is the most ornamental: Ivs. 

 oblong-lanceolate, acuminate : panicles rather large and 

 many-fid.; stamens white or purplish, shorter than 

 sepals. B.R. 652. R.H. 1874:270. Gn. 9:596. A 

 hybrid between R. indica and the preceding species is 

 R. Delacourii, Andre, forming a compact shrub with 

 rather large panicles of blushed fls. and the foliage 

 intermediate between the two parents. R.H. 1900:698. 



ALFRED REHDER. 



RAPHIONACME (Greek, needle and point, referring 

 to the 5 pointed or awned scales in the throat of the 

 corona). Asdepiadacese. Herbs, with tuberous root- 

 stock often furnished with an elongated woody neck; 

 juice milky: Ivs. opposite: fls. small or moderate-sized, 



terminal in few- or many-fld. cymes, or hi the forks of 

 the st., or subaxillary from one axil, rarely from both; 

 calyx 5-parted; corolla-tube distinct, campanulate, 

 lobes 5, erect, spreading or reflexed; crown of 5 free, 

 entire, 2-3-divided or 3-parted lobes alternating with 

 the corolla-lobes: follicles often solitary by abortion. 

 About 35 species, Trop. and S. Afr. R. iitilis, N.E. 

 Br. & Stapf. Perennial herb with a turnip-shaped 

 tuber 2-5 in. diam., covered with dark brown flaky 

 bark: sts. annual, iHt in. long, erect or decumbent: Ivs. 

 in 2-5 pairs, opposite or forming a rosette close to the 

 ground, orbicular, elliptic or oblong-ovate, obtuse and 

 apiculate or subacute at the apex, rounded or subcor- 

 date at base, green above, purple beneath: fls. in small 

 terminal and axillary cymes or clusters, bright purple; 

 sepals lanceolate, acute, purplish with green tips; 

 corolla about J/in. diam., deeply 5-lobed. Trop. Afr. 

 B.M. 8221. p. TRACY HUBBARD. 



RAPHIS: Rhaphis. 



RAPHISTEMMA (Greek, needle and crown, referring 

 to the linear scales of the crown). Glabrous twining 

 shrubs: Ivs. opposite and membranaceous: infl. long- 

 peduncled, axillary, umbellifonn cymes; fls. large, 

 white, and long-pedicelled; calyx 5-glandular inside; 

 corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, lobes spreading, twisted 

 in bud and overlapping to the right ; crown with 5 mem- 

 branacepus scales which are produced into long slender 

 linear ligules: follicles thick, acute, smooth. About 

 2 species, Asia. R. pulchettum, Wall. Branches slen- 

 der, smooth, and herbaceous: Ivs. cordate-acuminate, 

 3-7 in. long: cymes 4-6-fld. ; the pedicels very slender: 

 fls. pure white, 1-1 M hi. long; sepals broad; corolla 

 thick. Himalaya region and Burma. J.F. 4:353. 



RASPBERRY (from rasp, a tool resembling a file,, 

 and berry), a name applied to certain species of the 

 genus Rubus, particularly to Rubus idseus, R. strigosus, 

 and R. occidentalis, from which have been derived com- 

 mon cultivated forms grown for then* excellent edible 

 fruits. 



Raspberry plants have perennial roots and erect or 

 nearly erect biennial canes bearing thimble-shaped red, 

 yellow, black, or purple-colored fruit consisting of 

 many cohering drupelets which separate from a par- 

 tially dried receptacle. The raspberry is distinguished 

 from the blackberries and dewberries, which belong ta 

 the same genus, in bearing fruit that separates from its- 

 receptacle, while that of the blackberries and dew- 

 berries does not separate from their juicy receptacles. 



Origin of horticultural varieties. 



The first raspberries introduced into cultivation in 

 America were varieties of European origin belonging 

 to the species Rubus idsnis. These varieties, adapted to 

 a mild humid climate, did not prove sufficiently hardy 

 to merit then- continued cultivation after hardy native 

 varieties of good quality began to be propagated. At 

 present but two varieties, the Antwerp and Superlative, 

 representing the European species, Rubus idseus, are 

 grown commercially. These two varieties are raised 

 only in the Pacific Coast region and are there being 

 gradually superseded by American varieties. 



By far the greater part of the varieties under culti- 

 vation at present belong to the American species Rubus 

 strigosus and R. occidentalis. The American red rasp- 

 berry, R. strigosus, is very similar to the European spe- 

 cies, R. idaeus. Both species have erect canes, but the 

 American species has proved much hardier and adapted 

 to a wider range of environmental conditions. Two of 

 the first varieties of this species to come under culti- 

 vation were the Marlboro and Cuthbert, and these are 

 still two of the most widely grown varieties. The 

 black raspberry, R. occidentalis, has recurved canes- 

 which are longer than those of either of the red-fruited 



