SAXTALUM 



SAP 



3071 



SANTALUM (from the Persian Chandal which in 

 turn is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name 

 of the tree). Santalacex. Evergreen glabrous trees or 

 shrubs, and one species, S. album, yields the sandal- 

 wood: Ivs. opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous: fls. 

 axillary or in terminal trichotomous paniculate cymes, 

 dioecious; perianth campanulate or ovoid, lobes 4, rarely 

 5, valvate with a tuft of hair on their face; stamens 5-4, 

 short ; disk of scales between the stamens; ovary at first 

 free, finally half-inf erior : drupe subglobose. About 10 

 species, India, Malaya, Austral, and Pacific Islands. 

 Plants more or less parasitic. 



album, Linn. SANDALWOOD. A small evergreen gla- 

 brous tree: Ivs. opposite, 1^-2 in. long, thin, elliptic- 

 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute, narrowed 

 into a slender petiole: panicles terminal and lateral; 

 pedicels about equaling the perianth-tube: fls. at first 

 straw-colored, then blood-red, inodorous even when 

 bruised : drupe globose, size of a cherry, black when ripe. 

 Deccan Penin. B.M. 3235. G.C. III. 49:20. The 

 wood is white or citron-colored, sweet-scented when dry, 

 and is esteemed in India, as a perfume. 



SANTOLINA (derivation of name doubtful). Often, 

 but incorrectly spelled Sanctolina. Composite. Shrubs 

 or rarely herbs, natives of Eu. and Asia, mostly in the 

 Medit. region, sometimes grown in the open for orna- 

 ment. 



Leaves alternate, aromatic; margins tuberculously 

 dentate or pinnately lobed, often finely divided: fl.- 

 heads yellow or rarely white, of disk-fls. only, many- 

 fid.; involucre mostly campanulate, squarrose, imbri- 

 cated, appressed. About 8 species. 



Santolina is valuable for its distinct foliage and is 

 used in the South for specimen planting and in the North 

 for summer bedding and borders. Cuttings for the latter 

 purpose are usually taken in the spring from plants win- 

 tered in a frame but may be taken before frost in the 

 fall. Thej- are easily rooted in sand. 



Chamaecyparissus, Linn. (S. incana, Lam.). LAVEN- 

 DER COTTON. A hardy half-shrubby, much-branched 

 plant, 1^-2 ft. high, with evergreen, silvery gray Ivs., 

 having tiny ovate-oblong Ifts. and small globular 

 heads of yellow fls., borne in summer: heads solitary, 

 terminal about %in. diam. : branches and Ivs. canescent. 

 Medit. region. Gn. 78, p. 21. Var. incana differs but 

 little from the type: involucre pubescent. 



S. alpina. Linn., is Anthemis montana, Linn., which makes a 

 pretty ground-cover and has yellow fls., but appears not to be in 

 the trade. Gn. 75, p. 595. S. riridis, Willd. An erect shrub: 

 branches leafless: Ivs. in 4 vertical ranks, toothed: involucral 

 scales lanceolate. S. Eu. G. 36:25. F W BARCLAY. 



SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family). Com- 

 posite. Usually low, much-branched herbs grown for 

 their attractive yellow flowers. 



Leaves opposite, petioled, mostly entire: heads of 

 fls. small, solitary, with yellow or sometimes white 

 rays; involucre short and broad, of dry or partly 

 herbaceous bracts; receptacle from flat to subulate- 

 conical, at least in fr.; its chaffy bracts concave or 

 partly conduplicate : achenes all or only the outer ones 

 thick-walled, those of the rays usually 3-angled, with 

 the angles produced into rigid, spreading awns or horns, 

 those of the disk often flat and winged. About 4 

 species, natives of the S. W..U. S. and Mex. May be 

 grown as an annual in the open, but if given protection 

 it will sometimes flower the second year. Sanvitalias 

 are of easy culture but prefer a light or sandy soil in 

 full sunlight. 



procumbens, Lam. A hardy floriferous annual, grow- 

 ing about 6 in. high, trailing in habit: Ivs. ovate, about 

 1 in. long: fl. -heads with dark purple disk and yellow 

 rays, resembling small rudbeckias, less than 1 in. across, 

 numerous: achenes of the disk flattened and often 

 winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late 

 autumn. Mex. B.R. 707. R.H. 1860, p. 127. Var. 



fldre-pleno, Hort. A double-fid, variety coming true 

 from seed, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. 1866, p. 

 70. Worthy of more extended use as a low border 

 annual. F w. BARCLAY. 



SAP, a term applied to the juices of living plants. 



Sap is composed of water containing mineral salts 

 absorbed from the soil, and organic substances chiefly 

 constructed within living cells. The water taken from 

 the soil by the roots or other absorbing organs may con- 

 tain potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and 

 nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and chlorids. The differ- 

 ent processes and the different reactions that take place 

 in separate tracts of tissue are responsible for the fact 

 that the sap is not alike in composition throughout 

 the body of the plant. 



The mineral elements and their salts may be found in 

 nearly all saps. The limits of this note do not permit 

 the enumeration of the large number of organic sub- 

 stances which may be found in the sap of various spe- 

 cies. The more important of such compounds may be 

 grouped under the acids, sugars, or carbohydrates and 

 proteins. Many plants are of economic importance 

 because of the materials dissolved in the sap. The sap 

 of the sugar maple, for example, contains over 3)^ per 

 cent of sugar, while the sugar-beet and sugar-cane have 

 a sap in which the proportion is very much higher. 



The popular expression of "ascent of sap" refers to 

 the fact that water entering the living cells of the roots 

 is forced into the woody tissues or non-living elements 

 through which it passes upward to the leaves at a rate 

 which may vary from a few inches to over a yard an 

 hour. (See Transpiration.) The forces operative and 

 the mechanism of the flow are not perfectly understood. 

 Among other facts of interest it may be mentioned that 

 the sap-current may pass through dead sections of stem, 

 although it is equally certain that the activities of the 

 living cells furnish at least a part of the motive power. 



The flow of sap from the sugar maple and other trees 

 in the early spring, before the soil has thawed and while 

 it is yet too cold for the living matter of the plant to 

 show any great activity, is not due to4;he bleeding pres- 

 sure, but to the expansion of the gases and liquids in 

 the trunk and branches of the tree due to the direct 

 warming action of the sun's rays. During the daytime 

 the bubbles of air in the wood-cells become heated and 

 expand, driving the sap from the wood-cells into the 

 auger-hole which has been bored into the tree. At 

 night the trunk of the tree cools slowly and the flow 

 ceases, to be begun again next day. 



The exudation pressure by which water or sap is 

 forced from the living cells is exhibited in the bleeding 

 which ensues when stems and branches are cut away. 

 The pressure which produces bleeding is often called 

 root-pressure, although it is exerted by any part of the 

 plant. Bleecling is exhibited by a large number of trees 

 at the beginning of the growing season, 'and is also 

 especially noticeable in the vine, dahlia, castor-oil plant, 

 calla. nicotiana, and corn. 



The amount of bleeding exhibited by any plant may 

 be found if the stem is cut and bent over in such man- 

 ner that the end is thrust into a tumbler or small ves- 

 sel, which will serve to collect the escaping sap. 



Interesting records of measurement of the amount of 

 bleeding are available. A specimen of Betvla papy- 

 racea gave off over sixty-three pounds of water in 

 twenty-four hours; an Agave americana yielded twelve 

 and one-half pounds in twenty-four hours. The pulque 

 of Mexico is the preparation of sap which collects in 

 the center of the mature rosette of agave when a 

 cavity is cut into it. 



The range of concentration of sap as denoted by its 

 osmotic properties varies widely. Cacti and other suc- 

 culents have a sap which would set up a pressure of only 

 three to twelve atmospheres. Spinose desert shrubs 

 may have a sap which would set up a pressure of over a 



