SILPHIUM 



July-Sept. Ohio, west and south. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:461. 

 It is said of this species that the st.-lvs. tend to point 

 north and south. 



AA. Foliage not cut. 

 B. Sl.-lvs. small. 



terebinthinaceum, Jacq. PRAIRIE DOCK. St. about 

 6 ft. high, nearly or quite smooth: Ivs. nearly all basal, 

 usually 1 ft. long, ovate, cordate, dentate: fl. -heads 

 I 1 ^-3 in. across; rays 12-20. July-Sept. Ont. and 

 Ohio to Iowa and La. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:462. A striking 

 and decorative herb. 



BB. St.-lvs. large. 

 c. Lvs. connate-perfoliate. 



perfoliarum, Linn. (S. erythrocaiilon, Bernh.). CUP 

 PLANT. INDIAN CUP. St. square, usually dentate, 

 branched above, about 6 ft. high: Ivs. thin, ovate or 

 deltoid-ovate, the lower contracted into margined 

 petioles, the upper opposite, connate-perf oliate : fl.- 

 heads 2-3 in. across, with 20-30 ravs. July, Aug. Ont. 

 to S. D. and Ga. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:460. G.W. 11, p. 473. 



cc. Lvs. petioled or simply sessile. 



integrifolium, Michx. St. 2-6 ft., obtusely 4-angled 

 to terete, corymbosely branched above: Ivs. lanceolate- 

 ovate to ovate-lanceolate, opposite: fl. -heads numerous, 

 1-2 in. across, with 15-25 rays. Aug., Sept. Western 

 prairies. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:460. N. TAYLOR.! 



SILYBUM (an old Greek name applied by Dios- 

 corides to some thistle4ike plants). Composite. Erect, 

 glabrous herbs, sometimes grown in European gardens 

 for ornament and also for the edible heads, roots, and 

 Ivs.: Ivs. alternate, white-maculate above, sinuate- 

 lobed or pinnatifid, the teeth and lobes spiny: heads 

 large, solitary, terminal, nodding, homogamous; 

 involucre broadly subglobose, the bracts in many rows: 

 fls. purplish, all perfect; corolla-tube slender, limb 5- 

 cleft to the middle or base: achenes smooth, obovate, 

 oblong. Two species, Eu., Afr., and Asia. 



Marianum, Gaertn. (Cdrduus Marianus, Linn. Mari- 

 ana Idctea, Groves). ST. MARY'S, BLESSED, or HOLY 

 THISTLE. Annual or biennial, shining: st. 1-4 ft. high, 

 grooved not winged: Ivs. large, with strong spines: 

 heads 1-2 in. diam.; involucral bracts leathery with a 

 spine H-%in. long, the outermost mucronate; recepta- 

 cle fleshy: fls. rose-purple: achenes tranversely wrink- 

 led or smooth, black or gray. S. Eu., N. Afr., and Asia, 

 also intro. in many places, including N. Amer.; natu- 

 ralized on the Pacific coast. jr TRACY HUBBARD. 



SIMARUBA (the Caribbean name of S. amara) ; also 

 spelled Simarouba. Simarubacese . Evergreen trees 

 sometimes grown in the warmhouse, or hardy outdoors 

 in the far S.: Ivs. alternate, abruptly pinnate; the Ifts. 

 alternate, entire, leathery: fls. somewhat cymose, in 

 axillary or terminal elongated and branched panicles, 

 dioecious; calyx small, globed, imbricated; petals 5, 

 spreading at the top, imbricated; stamens 10 in the male 

 fl.; ovary deeply 5-parted in the female fl.: drupes 1-5, 

 sessile, spreading. About 7 species, Trop. Amer. 



amara, Aubl. (S. offidnalis, DC.). A tall tree: Ifts. 

 oblong or oblong-lanceolate, mucronate with a bluntish 

 point, green on both surfaces, glabrous or pubescent 

 beneath: panicle exceeded by the Ivs.: fls. yellowish 

 white; petals spreading. W. Indies (probably not Porto 

 Rico) and Trop. Amer. This yields the drug known 

 as simaruba-bark. 



TWae, Urban. A tree 25-50 ft. high: Ifts. elliptic- 

 oblong, short-pointed: branches of the corymb (as well 

 as the petioles) purple-tinted: fls. bright carmine; 

 petals much longer than S. amara, and having smooth, 

 staminal scales. Porto Rico. Gt. 36:1298. 



F. TRACY HUBBARD. 



SINNINGIA 



3169 



SIMMONDSIA (for the naturalist, F. W. Sim- 

 monds). Buxaceae. Evergreen shrubs, sometimes cult, 

 for ornament or for the oily seed and edible fr.: Ivs. 

 opposite: fls. dioecious, in the If .-axils, apetalous; sepals 

 imbricate; staminate fls. in clusters; stamens numerous; 

 pistillate fls. single; ovary 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. 

 A single species. Related to Buxus. 



calif6rnica, Nutt. PIGNUT. JOJOBA. A much- 

 branched shrub, 5-15 ft. high: Ivs. small, sessile, entire, 

 coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse: fls. small. S.W. 

 Calif, to W. Mex. j. B . g NoRTON . 



SINNINGIA (for Wilhelm Sinning, gardener at the 

 University of Bonn). Including Dolichodeira, Ligeria, 

 and Rosanbwia. Gesneriacese. Tropical herbs with 

 handsome tubular flowers, of glasshouse culture; in- 

 cludes the florists' gloxinia. 



Pubescent or villous, from a tuberous rhizome: Ivs. 

 opposite, usually large, petioled, the floral ones reduced 

 to bracts: fls. usually large, solitary or fascicled in the 

 axils, pedicelled; calyx-tube shortly and broadly turbi- 

 nate, adnate, 5-angled or 5-winged, the limb fofiaceous, 

 broadly 5-cleft or -parted; corolla-tube nearly equal at 

 the base or the posterior gibbous, long or broadly cylin- 

 drical, the upper part swollen or bell-shaped; lobes 5, 

 spreading, or the 2 posterior smaller; stamens included, 

 attached to the tube of the corolla; anthers broad, the 

 cells confluent at the apex; glands of the disk 5, dis- 

 tinct, or the 2 posterior more crowded together or con- 

 nate; ovary half inferior; style dilated at the tip; stigma 

 concave, entire or slightly 2-lobed. Species 20-25, 

 Brazil. Allied to Gesnera, Isoloma, and Achimenes, 

 and of similar cultural requirements. The genus 

 includes the cult, gloxinia, which is properly Sinningia 

 spedosa, Benth. & Hook., but which is treated in this 

 book under Gloxinia. Other than this species, the sin- 

 ningias are little known horticulturally, although some 

 of the species have much merit. 



speciosa, Benth. & Hook. (Gloxinia spedosa, Lodd. 

 Ligeria spedosa, Decne.). St. short or not evident: Ivs. 

 oblong, petiolate, obtuse or acutish, villous-hairy, 

 convex on top, usually attenuate at base, crenate: 

 peduncles, with fls., about the length of the Ivs.: fls. 

 large, tubular, showy, usually violet or purplish; calyx- 

 lobes ovate-lanceolate and somewhat villous, longer 

 than calyx-tube; corolla broadly campanulate. Brazil. 

 Variable, giving rise to such forms as var. caulescens, 

 Hanst. (Gloxinia caulescens, Lindl.), with thick elon- 

 gated st. and larger Ivs. B.R. 1127. L.B.C. 16:1566. 

 Var. macrophylla, Hanst. (Gloxinia spedosa var. 

 macrophytta, Hook.), has large white-nerved Ivs. B.M. 

 3934. Var. albifldra, Hanst. (Gloxinia spedosa var. 

 albiflora, Hook.). White-fld. B.M. 3206. Var. rilbra, 

 Hanst. (Gloxinia rubra, Paxt.). Fls. beautiful red. P.M. 

 7 :271. From this species, and perhaps from hybrid off- 

 spring, have descended the florists' gloxinias. To the 

 historical discussion on pp. 1350 and 1351, Vol. Ill, 

 may be added the following quotation from T. A. 

 Sprague, G.C. III. 36, p. 88: "The turning-point in the 

 history of our cultivated 'gloxinias,' however, was in 

 1845, when an erect and regular-flowered plant was 

 raised by Mr. John Fyfe, gardener at Rothesay, Bute; 

 this had a white corolla with a violet center, and five 

 perfect stamens, instead of the four usual in Gesneria- 

 ceae. Unfortunately for the systematic botanist, no 

 exact record of its parentage was made, though in 

 Flore des Serres, t. 311, where it was figured three years 

 later, Sinningia spedosa is stated to have been one of 

 its parents." 



Regina, Sprague (Gesneria Regina, Hort.). Hand- 

 some plant about 9 in. high: Ivs. broad-ovate with auric- 

 ula te-cordate base and acutish apex, 4-8 in. long, 

 somewhat velutinous above and glabrous beneath, 

 white-veined, crenate: fls. pale violet, drooping, long- 

 stalked. 4-6 together from the axils, and "as two sue- 



