3222 STANDARDS OF COLOR 



STANHOPEA 



standard; consequently, those who wish to abide by 

 some reliable system of color pitch and nomenclature 

 are at liberty to choose between the publications of 

 experts upon this subject without regard for profes- 

 sional or industrial limitations. 



A standard of color exclusively useful in horticulture 

 would be an absurdity, inasmuch as a standard would 

 fail to be as far-reaching as the word implies if it did 

 not meet the requirements of all classes of art, science, 

 and industry. There is nothing logical in one normal 

 red named one way for the horticulturist and another 

 named differently for someone else. In the musical 

 profession tone has been standardized by what is 

 known as International Pitch at middle C of the piano- 

 forte. All musical instruments throughput the world 

 are commonly tuned to that pitch; it is an absolute 

 standard. But as yet, the exact pitch of what is called 

 normal red color is not standardized, and as a conse- 

 quence the whole chromatic scale which by deduction 

 and mathematical measurement should fall into line by 

 the establishment of this one normal hue remains 

 unfixed and is somewhat of a bone of contention 

 between color experts. 



A circle divided into the scientifically significant 360, 

 each one of which represents a distinct hue of the chro- 

 matic scale in tangible pigment, is by no means impos- 

 sible though it is difficult of accomplishment. The 

 writer successfully completed such a scale and finds it 

 remarkably true to the scientific theory of color balance. 

 At the present time, however, there is no mechanical 

 process capable of reproducing such an exact scale with 

 the fidelity it demands. 



A diagrammatic representation of the color circle 

 will be found on page 832, Vol. II, of this Cyclopedia, and 

 the following table (Fig. 3675) indicates exactly the 

 positions occupied in that circle of certain hues con- 

 tained in the standards of authors mentioned below. 

 A diligent comparison of the figures will demonstrate 

 the lack of agreement among authorities. 



Those independent standards of color which are 

 accessible and have proved valuable as practical guides 

 are the following: The extensive and admirable French 

 work entitled, "Repertoire de Couleurs pour aider a la 

 determination des couleurs des Fleurs, des Feuillages et 



A TABLE OF COMPARATIVE COLORS BASED UPON MATHEMAT- 

 ICAL INTERVALS OF 360 OF THE CHROMATIC CIRCLE. 



3675. Standards of color. 



des Fruits, public par la Societe Francaise des Chrysan- 

 th6mistes et Rene Oberthur avec la collaboration prin- 

 cipale de Henri Dauthenay," (etc.), Librairie Horticole, 

 84 bis Rue de Crenelle, Paris, 1905." The Prang Standard 

 of Color," Louis Prang, Boston, 1898, now out of print. 

 The concise and reliable guide entitled "Elementary 

 Color," and the invaluable and popular Bradley Educa- 

 tional Colored Papers, Milton Bradley Co., Spring- 

 field, Massachusetts, 1915. The extensive and portable 

 "Ridgway Color Standard and Nomenclature," Robert 

 Ridgway, Washington, D. C., 1912. "The Mathews 

 Chart of Correct Flower Colors" with text, F. Schuyler 

 Mathews, published in the American Florist for August 

 17, 1895, Chicago. The interesting work entitled ' Color 

 Problems," a practical guide for the lay student of color, 

 Emily N. Vanderpoel, Longmans, Green & Co., London 

 and New York, 1902. See also the article on Color in 

 Flowers, page 830, Vol. II, of this Cyclopedia, and for 

 the theoretic basis of spectral color measurement, the 

 article entitled "The World Beyond our Senses," by 

 Carl Snyder, Harper's Magazine for June, 1903. 



F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS. 



STANGERIA (Wm. Stanger, of Natal). Cycadacex. 

 A warmhouse cycad not very commonly cult.: caudex 

 about a foot high, turnip-shaped: Ivs. 3-4, long-petioled, 

 about 2x1 ft., pinnate, very glabrous; pinnae opposite 

 and alternate, linear-lanceolate, spinulose-serrulate or 

 subcrenate, rarely pinnatifid-lobed : male cone 6 x 1 in.; 

 female cones smaller, 2-3 in. long. One species, Sub- 

 trop. and S. E. Afr. Closely related to Encephalartos. 



paradoxa, Moore. It is unique among the cycads by 

 reason of the venation of its Ifts. : in all the other mem- 

 bers of the family the veins of the If .-segms. are parallel 

 and horizontal; in this one plant they are all free and 

 run directly from the midrib to the margin. This pin- 

 nate venation is so extraordinary that the plant looks 

 more like a fern than a cycad, and it was so described 

 before the frs. were known. S. Afr. B.M. 5121. Gt. 

 63:1598. G.W. 6, p. 109. WILHELM MILLER. 



STANHOPEA (named for the Earl of Stanhope, 

 president of the Medico-Botanical Society, London). 

 Orchidaceae. Epiphytic orchids easily grown and very 

 interesting, but the fugacious character of their flowers 

 has been unfavorable to their extensive cultivation. 



Pseudobulbs clustered on the short rhizome, sheathed 

 with scales and each bearing a single large plaited If. 

 contracted to a petiole at the base: fls. produced on 

 thick scapes, which bore their way through the material 

 in which they are planted and emerge from the bottom 

 of the basket, large, fragrant, and curiously formed; 

 sepals and petals usually reflexed, subequal or the petals 

 narrower; labellum remarkably transformed, basal part 

 or hypochil boat-shaped or saccate, often with two 

 horns on the upper margin, passing gradually into the 

 mesochil, which consists of a fleshy central part and 

 two lateral horns; the terminal lobe or epichil firmly or 

 movably joined to the mesochil, usually fleshy and 

 keeled but not saccate, base of the labellum continuous 

 with the long-winged column. About 50 species 

 inhabiting Trop. Amer. from Mex. to Brazil. The fls. 

 expand with a perceptible sound early in the morning. 



Stanhopeas enjoy a shady, moist location. A tem- 

 perature of 60 to 65 F. at night and 70 to 75 during the 

 day should be maintained in winter, with a gradual 

 advance of 10 toward midsummer. They should be 

 grown suspended from the roof in orchid cabins or terra 

 cotta baskets with large openings at the bottom, and if 

 drainage is used it should be placed in such a manner 

 that it will not interfere with the exit of the pendulous 

 flower-scapes. Equal parts chopped sphagnum and 

 peat fiber forms a good compost. By severing the 

 rhizome here and there between the old pseudobulbs, 

 new growths will be sent up and thus the stock may be 

 increased. (R. M. Grey.) 



