SUGAR-APPLE 



3281 



SUGAR-APPLE: Annona squamosa. S.-Cane: Saccharum. 



SUKSDORFIA (W. N. Suksdorf, botanist of Wash- 

 ington state). Saxifragaceae. One species as recently 

 delimited, a slender perennial, S. violacea, Gray, growing 

 on wet cliffs and rocks, Mont, to Ore. and Wash.: 

 glandular-pubescent, the rootstock bearing bulblets: 

 fls. small, pink, in few-fld. panicles on leaf}' axial shoots: 

 st. 1 ft. or less high: Ivs. reniform, 5-7-round-lobed, the 

 lower ones petioled and the upper ones on the st. sessile: 

 sepals, petals, and stamens 5, the anthers almost sessile. 



SULLIVANTIA (William S. Sullivant, American 

 bryologist). Saxifragacese. Slender perennial herbs, 

 useful in wild-gardens and for colonizing, but scarcely 

 in cult. Four species are now recognized, all natives in 

 the U. S., mostly local, allied to Saxifraga: rootstock 

 horizontal, short": fls. perfect, white or whitish, regular, 

 small, in a panicle on a nearly leafless scape-like st.: 

 Ivs. mostly basal, reniform to orbicular, shallowly lobed 

 and coarsely toothed, long-petioled: sepals 5; petals 5, 

 clawed; stamens 5, the filaments subulate, shorter than 

 the petals; carpels united below the beaks, forming erect 

 follicles, the seeds winged. S. Suttivaniii, Brit. (Soai- 

 fraga [?] Sullirantii. Torr. & Gray. Sullivdniia ohionis, 

 Torr. & Gray). Fl.-st. 6-16 in. high, growing on lime- 

 stone cliffs in Ohio and Ind. S. Hopemanii, Coult., 

 differing in 3-nerved rather than 1-nerved sepals and 

 much smaller stature, grows from Wis. and Minn, to 

 Colo. 



SUMACH: Rhus. 



SUNDEW: Drosera. S.-drop: Primula; also (Enothera fruti- 

 cota and allies. S. Rose: Hdianthemum. 



SUNFLOWER: Helianthus. Since the publication 

 of Volume III some progress has been made in the 

 study and breeding of sunflowers, and a brief account 

 of the principal results follows: The investigations of 

 A. H. Church, of Oxford, have shown that the typi- 

 cal unbranched monocephalous sunflower (Helianthus 

 annuus. Linn.), which is not known in the wild state, 

 has come down to us unchanged from ancient times, 

 and existed in cultivation in pre-Columbian America. 

 It was grown at Madrid and described by Dodonseus 

 as early as 1567. (American Naturalist, XLIX (1915), 

 page 609). It is found that "marking factors" exist in 

 rays of annual sunflowers, which give rise to different 

 patterns when the anthocyan colors are introduced. The 

 system of markings in H. annuus and varieties is quite 

 different from that in H. cucumerifolius (or H. debilis 

 var.) and varieties; thus the red varieties of H. cucum- 

 erifolius produced by Herb, of Naples, have rays red- 

 dened at the end, or have a red stripe down the middle 

 of the ray, or may have the whole upper surface of ray 

 deep brownish pink, and the under side entirely clear 

 light sulfur-yellow. (Journal of Heredity, VI (1915), 

 page 542). In a culture of red sunflowers (H. annuus, 

 variety) at Boulder, Colorado, a collarette form has 

 been obtained in some numbers, both in the chestnut 

 and wine-red colors. The ray-florets have extra lobes, 

 which are small and directed inward, the structure 

 being like that of the collarette dahlia, though less 

 regular. The type will doubtless be improved in course 

 of time. (Gardeners' Chronicle, November 6, 1915, 

 page 295.) Varieties are now obtained, but have not 

 yet been sufficiently selected and isolated, with two or 

 more rows of rays, in the manner of the star dahlias. 

 It is hoped that some very good forms of the red sun- 

 flower will be developed along these lines. A new form 

 of the wine-red sunflower has the bicolor pattern, with 

 the background pale (dilute) orange instead of prim- 

 rose. This gives, in certain cases, an exceedingly rich 

 and bright color. By crossing the silky-haired H. argo- 

 phyllus with vinous H. annuus, and again crossing the 

 resulting plants with vinous H. annuus, a very pretty 



new hybrid has been obtained, the rays very pale 

 yellow, tinted with vinous or with a broad ring of color 

 at the base. It has the H. argophyttus foliage. 



As early as 1896 (Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 

 23, page 357) hybrids between annual and perennial 

 sunflowers were recorded, but without details. The 

 hybrid H. annuus x H. scaberrimus (rigidus) was listed 

 by Thellung in 1913. In 1913 Leonard Sutton in Eng- 

 land used the pollen of H. rigidus (H. scaberrimus) on 

 the red variety of H. annuus, and obtained fertile seed. 

 The F, had the characters of the perennial parent, but 

 Sutton reports that an F, plant has been obtained with 

 small streaks and splashes of red. In 1914 Mrs. Cock- 

 erell used the pollen of the perennial H. pumilus on 

 vinous H. annuus, and obtained seeds which produced 

 plants in 1915. These resembled the perennial parent, 

 and formed rosettes only during the first season. An 

 attempt to force these into flower in the greenhouse in 

 the winter of 1915-1916 totally failed; but three seeds 

 of the original lot placed in a coldframe early in 1916 

 produced plants, one of which is a rosette, while the 

 other two have formed no rosette, and have flowered the 

 first season, like an annual. The largest of the first lot 

 of plants from the H. pumilus x H . annuus cross flow- 

 ered about the middle of July, 1916, and in its mature 

 form showed a curious combination of characters. The 

 rays, however, were entirely without red, and as is usual 

 with perennials, gave a red color with caustic potash. 

 (Since this was written, one of the hybrids has flowered 

 showing the collarette character, and the lobes forming 

 the collarette are largely red.) This hybrid plant has 

 a curiously close resemblance to the horticultural form 

 known as Daniel Dewar. The broad leaves with well- 

 developed petioles are, however, like those of H . pumi- 

 lus and H. annuus, not Daniel Dewar. The strongly ser- 

 rate margins resemble H . annuus. At the present time 

 the hybrids between annual and perennial sunflowers 

 present many problems, and are exceedingly puzzling. 

 It seems probable that results of considerable botanical 

 and horticultural interest will eventually be obtained. 



S. Alexander of Michigan has made an elaborate 

 study of the forms of perennial sunflowers growing in 

 his region. He finds that only part of the species are 

 perennial in the strictest sense, the others reproducing 

 by underground branches, having no permanent bud- 

 ding crowns. He also finds that the forms are extremely 

 diverse and has recognized over 600 minor species, 

 differing in a variety of characters. This great diversity 

 of character should afford the basis for many interesting 

 horticultural forms. The nature of these lesser types, 

 from the standpoint of genetics, has not been ascer- 

 tained. If crossing has taken place, the various com- 

 binations arising may have been perpetuated and 

 increased by the system of vegetative reproduction by 

 "earth-branches," which would give us areas covered 

 with plants of the same composition, constituting appar- 

 ently fixed and constant ' 'species." Alexander finds, how- 

 ever, that the true stationary perennials present a great 

 diversity of forms, though they appear to be far less num- 

 erous than are the migrators, x. D. A. COCKERELL. 



SURINAM CHERRY (Fig. 3743), Eugenia uniflora 

 (E. Michelii) of the family Myrtaceae, is a large shrub, 

 sometimes becoming a small tree, but commonly 

 branching close to the ground and forming a broad com- 

 pact bush 6 to 12 feet high. It is indigenous to Brazil, 

 where it is called pitanga. In Cuba it is cultivated 

 under the name of cerezo de Cayena, or Cayenne cherry; 

 in Florida it is a common garden plant, and is hardy as 

 far north as Putnam County, according to Reasoner. In 

 recent years the fruit has begun to appear in the mar- 

 kets. In California the plant does not seem to fruit 

 very freely, and has never become generally cultivated, 

 though it is sufficiently hardy to be grown in the open 

 ground throughout the southern part of the state. 



The branchlets are rather thin and wiry: the leaves 



