THEOBROMA 



THERMOPSIS 



3331 



fixed strain which has arisen. It may also be due in 

 some measure to the influence of climate and environ- 

 ment. Certain it is, however, that there are today 

 strains of cacao which are possessed of distinctive 

 characters, not readily produced by anv process of 

 preparation in places other than that in which they are 

 grown. A fine set of illustrations of varieties common 

 to different countries has been published in a work by 

 Paul Preuss, who traveled in cacao-producing countries 

 on behalf of the German government. 



These different brands are bought by manufacturers 

 and blended to suit their particular market, but there 

 are certain kinds possessing special flavor which are 

 readily sold at high prices. The value of the commercial 

 product fluctuates and the price has marked varia- 

 tions due to many causes. Whether this results from 

 increased production or from a deterioration in the 

 quality cannot be ascertained. It is clear that if culti- 

 vators grow cacao for seed without regard to the best 

 rules of selection, the quality must deteriorate. What 

 mitigates this fact is that all the cacao world has, up 

 to a recent date, followed the same practice. The pro- 

 cess of grafting, to which the cacao tree readily sub- 

 mits, as has been proved in Trinidad, will enable oper- 

 ators to make large fields of the choicer varieties, and 

 it may confidently be expected that in a few years a 

 great improvement will be shown in the various grades 

 placed upon the market. (For a recent account of bud- 

 ding, see Wester. Philippine Agric. Pvev., 1914, p. 27.) 

 But little cacao is manufactured in the countries where 

 it is grown. 



Chocolate is the term used for sweetened and hard- 

 ened preparations of the roasted and ground cacao bean, 

 with the larger proportion of the original fat retained, 

 while the so-called ''cocoa" preparations are the same 

 material in fine powder, sweetened or unsweetened, but 

 with the greater proportion of the cacao fat extracted. 

 This fat, when clarified, is a pure white substance, 

 almost as hard as beeswax, and is used in many phar- 

 maceutical preparations. Chocolate and cocoa are 

 both made from the beans or seeds of Theobroma Cacao 

 and T. pentagona, and differ only in the method of 

 preparation. 



The word "cocoa" is a market corruption of the 

 original Spanish "Cacao," which was adopted by 

 Tournefort as a generic name but has since been dis- 

 placed by the Linnaean Theobroma. 



The plant known as Theobroma bicolor has recently 

 been made the type of a new genus (Tribroma bicolor, 

 Cook) on account of distinctly different habits of fruit- 

 ing and flowering and structural differences in the 

 flower (O. F. Cook, Journ. Wash. Acad. 5:287-289, 

 1915). The leaves are large, and in the juvenile stages 

 of growth are broadly cordate in form, and assume the 

 mature or oblong form only on reaching the third or 

 fourth year's growth. The pods are oval, ribbed and 

 netted, hard and woody, with an outer shell % inch 

 in thickness which can be cut only with a saw. The 

 seeds are oval, much flattened, with a dark, hard, and 

 smooth exterior. The interior is white, and has a some- 

 what nutty flavor. They are used in sweetmeats in the 

 same way as almonds, but cannot be made into com- 

 mercial cacao, suitable for the manufacture of choco- 

 lates. This species is very widely distinct from any of 

 the varieties of T. Cacao which produce commercial 

 cacao. The produce of T. bicolor is known in some 

 parts of Central America by the names of "Wariba," 

 "Tiger," and "Patashte" cacao. See also Cpnt. Nat. 

 Herb., vol. 17, pt. 8, for branching and flowering habits 

 of cacao and patashte. J H HART. 



L. H. B.f 



THEODOREA (probably a personal name). Orohi- 

 daces. One Brazilian orchid, T. gomezoide$, Rodr., of 

 botanical interest but very little known in cult. By 

 some it is referred to Gomezia. Rolfe describes it as 

 having "the general habit of some small slender oncid- 



211 



ium, about 5-6 in. high, but the fls. are borne in slender 

 arching racemes of about 6-12 each. The sepals and 

 petals are subconnivent, lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, 

 and light green in color, with a broad dark brown line 

 toward the base. The lip is oblong-ovate, acute, some- 

 what reflexed at the apex, and white, with an orange- 

 buff blotch in the center. It appears to be a free-growing 

 little plant, and its appearance in cult, is interesting." 



THEpPHRASTA (named for Theophrastus, a Greek 

 naturalist and philosopher, 370-285 B.C.). Myrsind- 

 cex; by Mez separated in the family Theophrastacex. 

 Glabrous shrubs, adapted to the warmhouse. 



Stem stout, erect, rather simple: Ivs. somewhat 

 terminally clustered, spreading, very short-petioled, 

 linear-oblong, spinose-dentate, netted-veined: fls. her- 

 maphrodite, rather large, in short many-fld. racemes, 

 white; calyx 5-parted, segms. ovate; corolla cylindri- 

 cal-campanulate, 5-lobed at the top, lobes rotunda te; 

 stamens 5, staminodes 5; ovary ovoid: fr. globular, 

 apple-shaped, fleshy, many-seeded. Two species ac- 

 cording to Mez, Pflanzenreich, hft. 15 (TV. 236a). W. 

 Indies. The chief technical differences between Theo- 

 phrasta and Clavija are in the fls. and frs. In Theo- 

 phrasta the corolla is cylindrical and shallowly 5-lobed; 

 staminodia attached on the base of the corolla: fr. 

 large and many-seeded. In Clavija the corolla is sub- 

 rotate and deeply 5-cleft; staminodia attached on the 

 tube of the corolla; fr. 1- to many-seeded. See Clavija. 



JussieuJ, Lindl. (T. densiflbra, Decne.). Small slen- 

 der tree, 4-8 ft. high, trunk spiny, 1 in. thick: Ivs. 

 large, elongate, linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed 

 toward the base, about 1J^ ft. long, margin sinuate- 

 serrulate, serrulations spinulose, both surfaces lepidote- 

 punctate: infl. many-fld., tomentose with chestnut- 

 brown hairs: fls. white; sepals narrowly rotundate or 

 acutish at apex; corolla fleshy; staminodes dark brown, 

 papillose. Haiti and Santo Domingo. B.M. 4239. 



americana, T.inn. (T. fusca, Decne.). Subshrub 1-3 

 ft. high: st. simple, with ash-gray bark: Ivs. elongate, 

 linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed toward the base, 

 18-20 in. long, about 2 in. wide, margin with small 

 teeth: infl. many-fld., very densely cylindrical raceme, 

 fuscous-tomentose: fls. dull brown, becoming black; 

 sepals rotundate at apex; corolla urceolate; staminodes 

 slightly emargrnate, pulvinate-fleshy. Haiti and Santo 

 Domingo. Probably rare in cult. 



T. imperialis, Lind.=Martiusella imperialis. T. latifolia, 

 Willd-=Clavija latifolia. T. Ian ffi folia, Jacq.=Clavija longifolia, 

 T. macTophytta, LincL, not Link=Clavija grandis. T. minor, 

 Lind., is offered in the trade; it is some species of Clavija. 



F. TRACY HUBBARD.! 



THERMOPSIS (Greek, lupin and like). Legumi- 

 nbsse. Hardy perennial herbs. 



Rhizome usually repent, sending up annual, erect, 

 simple or branched sts., sheathed at their base : ^..alter- 

 nate, digitately 3-leafleted; stipules free, If .-like: fls. 

 rather large, yellow, rarely purple, in terminal racemes 

 or disposed opposite the Ivs.; pedicels solitary; calyx 

 narrowly campanulate, teeth or lobes subequal; stand- 

 ard suborbicuLar ; wings oblong; keel equaling or scarcely 

 longer than the wings; stamens free: pod subsessile or 

 short-stipitate, linear-oblong or ovate-inflated, straight 

 or curved. About 18 species, N. Amer. and N. and E. 

 Asia. They are not particular as to land or position, 

 but do best in a deep light well-drained soil. They are 

 generally deep-rooted plants and endure drought very 

 well. Prop, may be effected by division, especially in 

 T. montana, T. fabacea, and T. rhombifolia, which spread 

 extensively by the root, but in general the better way is 

 by seed, although the seed is rather slow to germinate 

 and should be sown as soon as ripe or in the spring with 

 some heat. 



A. Pod strongly recurved. 



rhombifolia, Richards. Plant about 1 ft. high, 

 branched: Ifts. usually oval or obovate, J^-l in. long: 



