TOURXEFORTIA 



3361 



world. Mostly trees and shrubs, rarely subshrubs, with 

 alternate simple Ivs. and small fls. in terminal cymes. 

 T. heliotropimdes, Hook. =Heliotropium anchusaefolium, 

 which see. 



TOWNSENDIA (David Townsend, botanical associ- 

 ate of Wm. Darlington, of Pennsylvania). Composite. 

 Low many-stemmed herbs, nearly all of which are 

 natives of the Rocky Mountains; sometimes planted. 



Leaves linear or spatulate, entire : heads rather large, 

 resembling those of Aster; rays in 1 series, from violet to 

 rose-purple or white and blooming from early spring to 

 summer. About 17 species. The annual or biennial 

 species have larger heads than most of the perennials. 

 Judging from the literature, the largest-fld. of the peren- 

 nials are T. condensata, T. Wilcoxiana, and T. Roth- 

 rockii, 3 species which seem not to be in cult, as yet. 

 The species mentioned below are presumably among 

 the most desirable of the genus. They are offered by 

 collectors of Colo, wild flowers. As a genus, Townsendia 

 is distinguished mainly by its achene, which is com- 

 monly beset with bristly duplex hairs, having a forked 

 or glochidiate-capitellate apex. Townsendia is prac- 

 tically unknown to floriculture. For fuller account, see 

 Gray's Synoptical Flora of North America and Coulter 

 and Nelson's Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany. 



grandiflora, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, 9-18 in. 

 high: sts. spreading from the base, sometimes branch- 

 ing also above: upper Ivs. often linear: bracts of involu- 

 cre conspicuously attenuate-acuminate and scarious- 

 margined: heads large; rays %in. long, bright blue or 

 violet. Summer. Foothills W. Neb. to Colo, and New 

 Mex. 



exscapa, Porter. Nearly stemless perennial with ses- 

 sile heads surrounded and surpassed by the linear Ivs.: 

 heads %in. across; rays white or purplish-tinged; 

 involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute; 

 pappus-bristles very setose. April, May. Dry hills, 

 plains, or mountains, Sask. to Rockies, south to New 

 Mex. and Ariz. Known as ''Easter daisy" in Colo. 



T. condensata. Parry. Very lanuginous: Ivs. spatulate-obovate, 

 crowded around the large, broad, sessile heads: rays 100 or more, 

 narrow. Wyo. T. Rothrockii, Gray. Lvs. spatulate, rosulate 

 around the solitary head which is closely sessile at surface of ground, 

 or at length with 1 or 2 additional heads from same erow*n. Colo. 

 T. Wilcoxiana, Wood. A small stemless plant: Ivs. in rosettes, 

 spatulate, hairy: fl.-heads yellow, on short scapes, y&n. across. 

 Dry plains and hills, Okla. to Colo. WlLHELM MlLLER. 



TOXICODENDRON (Greek, poison tree): Hy<e- 

 nanche, but by some retained as the tenable name. 

 This Toxicodendron dates from 1796, but the Toxico- 

 dendron of Tournefort and Miller is much earlier and 

 is revived by some botanists for the poison sumac and 

 poison ivy (T. Vernix and T. radican-s) and their kin 

 but which in this book are still retained in Rhus. T. 

 capense, Thunb., a very different plant and one of the 

 Euphorbiacea?, is treated under Hyaenanche, Vol. Ill, 

 page 1618. 



TOXICOPHLJiA: Acocanthera. 

 TOXYLON: Madura. 



TRACHELITJM (Greek, trachelos, neck; from its 

 supposed efficacy in diseases of the throat). Campanu- 

 lacese. THROATWORT. Perennial herbs or subshrubs, 

 glabrous or hispid, hardy but not much grown: sts. 

 sometimes tall and rather simple, with the fls. numerous, 

 in a much-branched corymbose panicle, sometimes 

 short, many-stemmed or cespitosely much branched, 

 with the fls. rather umbellate at the ends of the 

 branches: fls. blue; calyx-tube adnate, obovoid or sub- 

 globose, angulate; limb 5-parted, lobes narrow; corolla 

 narrowly tubular, top shortly 5-lobed; ovary inferior, 

 3- rarely 2-celled, many-ovuled: caps, subglobose, 

 angulate, membranaceous; seeds small. About 6 or 7 

 species, Medit. region. Prop, by seeds or cuttings. 



caeruleum, Linn. A half-hardy biennial or perennial, 

 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate: fls. 

 blue or white, in dense terminal cymes, in late summer. 

 Shaded places in S. Eu. B.R. 72. Gn. 28, p. 181; 47, p. 

 303; 51, p. 84. J.H. III. 50:17. An attractive late- 

 flowering perennial suited to cult, as an annual. Accord- 

 ing to Gn. 28, p. 181, the species is fairly hardy in 



3826. Trachelospermum jasminoides. ( X /i) 



England, but young plants are more floriferous than 

 old ones. Seed may be sown in March. The plant is 

 easily prop, by cuttings. According to Gn. 47, p. 303, 

 plants from cuttings are dwarfer than seedlings. 



F. W. BARCLAY. 



TRACHELOSPERMUM (Greek, neck and seed, 

 referring to the fact that the seed has a neck). Syn., 

 Rhynchospermum. Apocynacese. Glabrous or slightly 

 tomentose-puberulent shrubs, the typical species 

 tall-climbing, grown in the warmhouse and a favorite 

 out-of-doors in the South. 



Leaves opposite, distantly feather-veined: cymes lax, 

 terminal or pseudo-axillary: fls. white; calyx small, 5- 

 parted, with 5-10 scales or glands inside at the base; 

 corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, 5-lobed, lobes 

 oblong, twisted to the left, overlapping to the right; 

 disk annulate, truncate or 5-lobed; ovary 2-carpelled: 

 follicles elongate, slender, terete. About 16 species, 

 E. Asia and Malaya. 



Trachelospermum is a most satisfactory greenhouse 

 shrub for a general collection. It requires no special 

 treatment, except that the plants should be kept on 

 the dry side during the winter. It requires several 

 years to work up a good-sized specimen. Young plants 

 should be given warmhouse treatment and encour- 

 aged to grow. Large well-established specimens thrive 

 in a coolhouse. In summer the pots may be plunged 

 outdoors in a partially shaded position. The species 

 is propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood taken 

 with a heel in spring. The star jasmine is one of the 

 many good old standard greenhouse plants that are 

 too little seen nowadays. The specimens require con- 

 siderable room, and the gardener is sometimes com- 

 pelled to keep them in a cold pit until the chrysanthe- 

 mum season is over, altho-gh this treatment is not to 

 be advised. It is a tender evergreen shrubby climber 

 from China, with fragrant white five-lobed flowers. It 

 is a favorite in the South, where it is grown out-of-doors 

 and known as the "confederate jessamine." In northern 

 conservatories it is generally known under its synonym, 

 Rhynchospermum. Handsome specimens may Ixj 

 grown in large tubs, making dense bushes 3 to 4 feet 

 high and as much in diameter. (Robert Shore.) 



jasminoides, Lem. (Rhynchospermum jasminoides, 

 Lindl.). STAR JASMIXE. Also called "Confederate," 

 "Malayan" or "African" Jessamine. Fig. 3826. Tender, 

 evergreen, climbing shrub: Ivs. short-stalked, ovate- 

 lanceolate, acute, glabrous: peduncles much longer 

 than Ivs.: calyx-lobes reflexed; corolla-tube contracted 



