3388 



TROLLIUS 



TROP^OLUM 



genmna, Fin. & Gagn. to include T. laxus, Salisb., T. 

 pumilus, Don, and T. pumilus var. yunnanensis, 

 Franch; also var. Ledebouri, Fin. & Gagn. (T. Lede- 

 bouri, Reichb. f.), differing from the type in having the 

 sepals longer than the stamens. 



9. caucasicus, Stev. (T. pdtulus var. caucdsicus, 

 Huth). Radical Ivs. palmately dissected, the segms. 

 incised-dentate: sepals 5-8, elliptic, spreading; petals 

 10, about equaling the stamens; style about equaling 

 the ovary. Caucasia, Armenia, etc. Perhaps a form 

 of T. patulus, as considered by Huth. Under the name 

 T. caucasicus, the plant offered abroad is described as a 

 hardy perennial, with large orange fls. in June and 

 July; 2-3 ft. In horticultural literature the fls. are 

 usually described as globular, which raises a question 

 as to the identity of the cult, plant. 



10. pumilus, Don. St. 1 ft. or less high, from a hori- 

 zontal rootstock, the base bearing old Ivs., with few 

 Ivs. on the st. and those above the middle: Ivs. small, 

 1-2 in. diam., orbicular, thickish, 5-parted, the segms. 

 broadly obovate and 3-lobed: fls. 1 in. across, solitary, 

 yellow; sepals 5 or 6, rounded, notched at the end; 

 petals 10-12, about equaling the stamens, cuneate- 

 oblong: follicles many. Alpine Himalaya. 



Var. yunnanensis, Franch. St. to 2 ft. high and 

 sometimes 3-fld.: Ivs. narrowly dentate, the teeth 

 short and rigidly mucronate; cauline Ivs. 1 or 2: sepals 

 6-8, broadly ovate or suborbicular; petals long-clawed, 

 shorter than stamens. W. China. Described as horti- 

 culturally not unlike Caltha palustris, but superior, 

 with dark green Ivs. and bright golden yellow salver- 

 form fls. 



BBB. Petals shorter than the stamens and scarcely equal- 

 ing the filaments, and shorter than the sepals. 



11. ISxus, Salisb. (T. americanus, Muhl.). Sts. 

 slender, weak, J^-2 ft. long, somewhat ascending: 

 radical and lower st.-lvs. long- or short-petioled; all 

 the Ivs. 5-7-parted; Ifts. cuneate and much cleft and 

 toothed: fls. usually solitary, 1-2 in. across; sepals 

 5-7, entire or toothed at the end, more spreading than 

 the other species; petals many, much shorter than the 

 stamens: follicles J^in. long, straight beak one-fourth 

 as long: head of fr. %in. across. Bogs and damp places, 

 Mich., to New England and Del. and westward. May- 

 July or Aug. B.M. 1988 and L.B.C.:56 (both as T. 

 americanus) . 



Var. albifldrus, Gray (T. albiflorus, Rydbg.). Much 

 like the type but usually lower, more slender: Ifts. 

 usually 5: fls. pale or white; petals nearly equaling the 

 stamens. Mountain tops, Colo., northward and west- 

 ward. 



12. aca&lis, Lindl. Plant only 3-4 in. high: Ivs. as in 

 the above, or only 5-parted: fls. lemon-yellow, spread- 

 ing, on sts. hardly reaching from the ground; sepals 9, 

 nearly lanceolate, acute, sometimes toothed; petals 

 spatulate, shorter than the stamens. N. India. B.R. 

 29:32. 



T. aurantiacus, Hort., described as lemon-yellow: probably a 

 form of T. europseus. T. Excelsior, Hort., and T. h-ybridus, Hort., 

 with deep orange fls., are probably T. europseus forms. 



K. C. DAVIS. 

 L. H. B.f 



TROP^OLUM (from Greek word for trophy; the 

 leaves are shield-shaped and the flowers helmet-shaped). 

 Tropxolacese. NASTURTIUM of gardens (but not of 

 botanists). Climbing or rarely diffuse soft-growing 

 herbs, grown in the garden for their showy flowers. 



Roots fusiform, sometimes tuberous: Ivs. alternate, 

 peltate or palmately angulate, lobed or dissected; 

 stipules none or rarely minute, bristle-like or dissected: 

 peduncles axillary, 1-fld. : fls. irregular, usually orange 

 or yellow, rarely purple or blue, but the garden forms 

 now show a great range of color; sepals 5, connate at 

 their base, posterior produced into a long slender spur; 



petals 5 or fewer by abortion, usually narrowed into dis- 

 tinct claws, two upper smaller or dissimilar and inserted 

 in the mouth of the spur; stamens 8, free, unequal, with 

 declined usually curving filaments; ovary 3-lobed, 3- 

 celled, ripening into 3 1-seeded indehiscent carpels 

 (these constitute the "seed" of commerce). About 45 

 species, S. Amer., chiefly from the cooler parts of Peru 

 and Chile. Monographed in 1902 by Buchenau in 

 Engler's Pflanzenreich hit. 10 (IV. 131). 



The common species, T. minus and T. majus, are 

 also grown for their young pods and seeds, which are 

 made into pickles. The pep- 

 pery-tasting leaves are some- 

 times used like cress, in salads, 

 whence the name "Indian 

 cress" in England. In America 

 this use of the plant is little 

 known. Certain kinds, particu- 

 larly T. tuberosum, produce 

 edible subterranean tubers. 



Tropaeolums thrive in any 

 warm sunny fairly moist place. 

 The tops are tender to frost. 

 For early effects, seeds may be 

 started indoors in pots or 

 boxes. The common climbing 

 species are T. majus and T. 

 peltophorum, both of which are 

 very useful for window-boxes, 

 balconies, for covering banks 

 and walls, and for growing 

 amongst shrubbery. The com- 

 mon dwarf species, T. minus, 

 is earlier and usually more flo- 

 riferous, and is very useful for 

 the front row in the border. On 

 rich soils, nasturtiums produce very heavy foliage that 

 overtops the bloom. T. peregrinum, the canary-bird 

 flower, is grown either indoors or in the open. Probably 

 most species are perennial. Many of them are tuberous 

 and withstand some frost at the root; but the half- 

 hardy species are little known in this country. 



INDEX. 



3854. Flower of Tropaeo- 

 lum minus. One of the 

 lower petals shown at a. 



(XH) 



A. Species annual or perennial but not tuber-bearing. 



B. Petals 5, entire or rarely emarginate or crenate at the 



apex. 



c. Inferior petals not ciliate at the base. 

 D. Plants perennial, low, prostrate, glabrous. 



1. polyphyllum, Cav. Perennial, half-hardy: st. 

 succulent, prostrate or climbing: Ivs. peltate, orbicular, 

 cut beyond the center into 7-9 narrow divisions: fls. 

 much hke T. majus in shape, but smaller; spur slender 

 but rather short, the calyx-lobes triangular; petals 

 obovate-cuneate, unguiculate, yellow, wavy or emargi- 

 nate, the 2 upper ones streaked with red. Chile. B.M. 

 4042. P.M. 10:175. F.S.20:2066. G.C. II. 20:241. Gn. 

 45, p. 158. G.M. 58:367. St. naturally prostrate. T. 

 Leichtlinii, Hort. Garden hybrid between T. poly- 

 phyllum and T. leptophyllum (see suppl. list), raised by 

 Max Leichtlin, of Baden-Baden. More closely 

 approaching the former, but with larger Ivs., more 



