3404 



TURNIP 



TURILEA 



campestris var. Napo-Brassica. Whether these two spe- 

 cies exist separately in wild nature is not positively 

 known, but they appear to be well denned under culti- 

 vation. Both species tend to run wild in old fields and 

 to lose their thickened roots. They are then sometimes, 

 though erroneously, known as charlock. (The real 

 charlock is Brassica [Sinapis] arvensis, one of the 

 mustards). The nativity of these species is unknown, 

 but they are almost certainly European or Asian in 

 origin. Characteristic tubers of these two plants are 

 contrasted in Figs. 3873 and 3874. The former is com- 

 monly known here as "flat turnip" and the latter as 

 rutabaga or merely "baga." According to Vilmorin, 

 the plant that we know as rutabaga is known to the 

 French as chou-navet and in England as Swedish 

 turnip and turnip-rooted cabbage. 



The culture of turnips and rutabagas is very similar, 

 except that the rutabaga requires a longer season. 

 The rutabaga is nearly always grown as a main-season 



3873. Turnip Brassica 

 Rapa. 



3874. Rutabaga. Brassica 

 campestris var. Napo-Brassica. 



crop, whereas the turnip may be sown very late for 

 winter use or very early for late spring or summer use. 

 Usually the flat turnip is not grown in the hot weather 

 of summer. In the northern states it is sown from the 

 middle of July to the middle of August for late crop, or 

 on the first approach of spring in order that tubers may 

 be had for the early vegetable market. The late or 

 winter crop is ordinarily used for storing in cellars and 

 also for feeding, whereas the early crop is often sold 

 in bunehes in the open market, and later by the basket 

 or bushel. 



The turnips and rutabagas are hardy; that is, the 

 young plants can withstand some frost. They are cold- 

 weather plants and demand loose moist soil. Usually 

 the seeds are sown in drills that stand from 10 to 20 

 inches apart. In the drills the plants are thinned until 

 they stand from 6 to 10 inches apart, depending on the 

 variety. For general field operations, the rows are 

 sometimes placed as far as 30 inches apart, to allow 

 horse tillage. Sometimes the late or winter crop is 

 raised from seed sown broadcast, but this method 

 gives good results only when the soil is well supplied 

 with moisture, very thoroughly tilled beforehand and is 

 free from weeds, since subsequent tillage is impossible. 

 The seeds of turnips and rutabagas are of similar size, 

 two or three pounds being required to the acre for 

 broadcasting. When sown in drills, one-half or one- 

 third this amount may be sufficient. The yields will 

 sometimes reach 1,000 bushels to the acre, although the 

 average is much less than this. 



The turnip needs no special care as to cultivation. 



The greatest difficulties are the root-maggot, which is 

 the larva of a small fly, and the flea-beetle. The maggot 

 may be killed by injecting bisulfide of carbon into the 

 soil about the roots before the grubs have burrowed 

 deeply into the tissues. In general field operations, 

 however, this treatment is impracticable and one must 

 rely on growing the crop in fields which are not infested 

 with the maggot; that is, rotation is the chief recourse. 

 The flea-beetle may be kept in check by spraying the 

 plants with bordeaux mixture, or perhaps better by 

 sprinkling them with paris green diluted with land- 

 plaster (one part by bulk of paris green to fifty of 

 plaster). 



Rutabagas have firmer and richer flesh than the tur- 

 nips. They are usually more prized for consumption in 

 winter, and turnips are usually more popular in the 

 spring and early fall markets. Rutabagas are also more 

 prized for stock-feeding. They yield heavily, are rich 

 and succulent and keep well in any ordinary cellar. 

 Rutabagas started in the middle or last of June hi the 

 northern states will reach then- full growth by October. 

 They are usually not harvested until heavy frosts have 

 come. The roots of rutabagas and turnips sometimes 

 persist through the winter, even though they have 

 been solidly frozen, and send up flower-stalks in the 

 spring; but unlike salsify and parsnips the roots should 

 not be left in the ground to freeze if they are to be used. 



L. H. B. 



TURNIP, INDIAN: Arisxma triphylla. 



TURPINIA (named for Turpin, French fl.-painter, 

 died 1840 in Paris). Staphyleacese. A genus of about 10 

 shrubs or trees in Trop. and Subtrop. Asia, the Malay 

 Archipelago, W. Indies, and Mex., with opposite odd- 

 pinnate or simple Ivs. and small fls. hi large terminal or 

 axillary panicles: calyx 5-parted, persistent; petals 5, 

 broadly spatulate to orbicular; stamens 5; ovary supe- 

 rior, Swelled, with a large lobed disk at the base; styles 

 3, distinct or united: fr. 3-celled, fleshy or leathery, with 

 few or many seeds in each cell. Occasionally planted 

 for their handsome foliage in S. Calif . Prop, is by seeds 

 or by cuttings of mature wood under glass with bottom 

 heat. 



pomifera, DC. Glabrous tree: Ivs. odd-pinnate, 

 5-20 in. long; Ifts. 3-9, elliptic-oblong or ovate, acumi- 

 nate, crenate-serrate, 3-8 in. long: fls. yellowish, J/gin. 

 across, in large terminal panicles, 6-10 in. long: fr. 

 fleshy, red, yellow, or greenish, 1-2 in. across. Hima- 

 layas. The closely allied T. nepalensis, Wall., with 

 smaller fls. and much smaller fr. is probably only a 

 variety of this species. S.I.F. 2:40 (as T. pomifera). 



arguta, Seem. (Ochrdnthe argiita, Lindl.). Glabrous 

 shrub or small tree: Ivs. simple, obovate-oblong to 

 oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at the base, 

 serrate, 3-5 in. long: fls. white, changing to yellowish, 

 about Jiin. long, in terminal panicles 2%-5 in. long: 

 fr. about }^in. across. S. China. B.R. 1819. 



ALFRED REHDER. 



TURR^EA (named for Giorgio della Torre or Turra, 

 1607-1688, botanist of Padua, Italy). Meliaceae. Trees 

 or shrubs, sometimes grown in the greenhouse in the 

 North; in the South used as outdoor ornamentals. 



Leaves alternate, petioled, entire or obtusely lobed: 

 peduncles axillary, few-fld. and many-bracted: fls. 

 elongated, white; calyx 4y5-toothed or parted; petals 

 4-5, elongated, free, twisted; staminal tube 8-10- 

 toothed, anthers 8-10; disk annular; ovary oblong, 

 5-10-20-celled; ovules 2, superposed in each cell: caps. 

 5- to many-celled, loculicidally 5- to many-valved. 

 About 73 species, Trop. and S. Afr., Trop. Asia, and 

 Austral. 



A. Fls. solitary or in pairs, axillary. 



heterophylla, Smith, not Sond. Lys. more or less 

 obovate-cuneate, 3-lobed above, varying k> subentire: 

 fls. M-Min. long. Upper Guinea. B.R. 30:4 (as T. 



