3500 



WALKS 



WALNUT 



The earth road has its country uses. Its success 

 depends on dryness, and this is brought about by 

 wide ditching at the side, a rather high crown in the 

 center, and puddling the surface by repeated dragging 

 while in a wet condition. The turf road (Fig. 3987 C) in 

 country estates, for occasional travel, is made by laying 



3986. A good entrance at the head of a street. 



roundish stone without "chinking in" the interstices. 

 Cover with soil 1 inch thick over top of stone and seed 

 with grass. 



Whatever material the road is made of, it should be 

 of convenient although not of unnecessary width, 9 

 feet for a single suburban lot being sufficient, 13 to 16 

 feet, including gutters, for more pretentious places, 14 

 feet for the little-traveled by-roads in parks, and 22 to 

 30 feet for the principal drives, and 60 to 80 for boule- 

 vard widths. The roads should also partake of the 

 decoration suited to the large feeling of the place. Such 

 accessories as gutters and inlets, signs and light-posts, 

 entrance-piers and gates, should be rustic or more 

 refined, carved or conspicuous in proportion as the 

 surroundings have been conventionalized. Roads must 

 harmonize and obey the demands of unity in design. 

 The use of roadside shrubbery and arrangement of 

 taller-growing trees is the means whereby the designer 

 may tie together an artificial road to the landscape. 



ARTHUR W. COWELL. 



WALLFLOWER. The vernacular name of Cheir- 

 anthus Cheiri, which see. A favorite spring bloom in 

 Great Britain, and sometimes secured as early as Christ- 

 mas; in this country it is little known, probably because 

 of climatic reasons. 



3987. Types of road construction: A, macadam; B, broken 

 stone; C, turf ; 1, sod gutter; 2, gutter; 3, stone curb; 4, cinders; 

 5, screenings; 6, 1 ^-inch crushed stone; 7, Telford; 8, screen- 

 ings or gravel; 9, spawls. 



The wallflower is a perennial, blooming profusely 

 the second year, but needing to be renewed frequently. 

 The compact forms grow only 1 foot or 18 inches high, 

 but some kinds are taller than this. There are single- 

 flowered and double-flowered kinds, and colors in 

 yellow, orange, blood-red, maroon-red, yellow-brown, 

 light brown, ruby-purple, pink. The yellows are most 

 commonly seen in English gardens, and make a most 

 attractive show about cottages in early spring. The 

 double kinds are propagated by cuttings taken in spring, 

 and they make good blooming plants the following 

 spring if not allowed to become stunted; double 

 wallflowers are also grown from carefully selected 

 seeds. The seeds of wallflowers may be sown in spring 

 and plants are kept in vigorous condition until protected 

 for the winter; they are transplanted when young into 

 permanent beds. If seeds are started in late winter, 

 bloom may be had in the following holidays, in a 

 climate mild enough to carry them. 



WALLICHIA (Nathaniel Wallich, 1786-1854, Danish 

 botanist; wrote on plants of India). Palmacese. Stove 

 palms, one of which, the first described below, is cul- 

 tivated outdoors in southern Florida and southern 

 California and in Europe under glass, and the second, 

 while not advertised in America, is probably in a few 

 northern greenhouses. 



Low palms, cespitose, with short branching caudices, 

 or in 1 species tall: Ivs. densely fasciculate, terminal, 

 distichous, scaly, unequally pinnatisect; segms. soli- 

 tary or the lowest in groups, cuneate at the base, 

 oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, erose-dentate, the 

 terminal one cuneate; midnerve distinct; nerves flabel- 

 late; margins recurved at the base; petiole slender, 

 laterally compressed; sheath short, split, with the mar- 

 gins deeply crenate: spadices short-peduncled, the 

 staminate drooping or recurved, ovoid, much branched, 

 densely fld., the pistillate looser, erect; spathes very 

 numerous, slender-coriaceous, the lower ones the nar- 

 rower, tubular, the upper ones cymbiform, entire, 

 imbricated: fls. symmetrical, the pistillate much 

 smaller than the staminate, yellow: fr. ovoid-oblong, 

 red or purple. Three species, Himalayas. Wallichia 

 is allied to Didymosperma, Arenga, and Caryota, dif- 

 fering in having 6 stamens instead of an indefinite 

 number. Caryota is the only one of this group with 

 ruminate albumen. Didymosperma has a cup-shaped 

 3-lobed calyx, and in Arenga the calyx has 3 distinct 

 sepals. 



disticha, T. Anders. Fig. 3988. Caudex 10-15 ft. 

 high, about 5-6 in. diam.: Ivs. graceful, 6-10 ft. long, 

 alternate, erect; Ifts. 1-2 ft. long, 2-2 H> in. wide, fasci- 

 cled, linear, narrowed to the base, denticulate at the 

 apex, with a large tooth on each side above the middle, 

 glaucous beneath; petiole and sheath short, scurfy; Ivs. 

 disposed in a one-third spiral: spadix 3-8 ft., the stami- 

 nate usually twice as long as the pistillate: fls. in many 

 spiral series, green. Himalaya. 



caryotoides, Roxbg. (Harina caryotoides, Buch.-Ham. 

 Didymosperma caryotoides, Hort.). St. very short or 

 none, often sheathed with the persistent If .-bases: 

 Ifts. oblong or linear-oblong, panduriformly excised and 

 acutely toothed, white beneath: spadix about 18 in. 

 long, the fls. purple or yellow, according to sex. F. 

 1874, p. 161. R.H. 1870, p. 368. 



W. densiflora, Mart., a palm like W. caryotoides and differing 

 only in technical ovary characters, is offered in Eu. Unknown in 

 Amer. J.F. 3, pis. 233, 234. W. porphyrocdrpa, Mart. See Didy- 



mosperma - JARED G. SMITH. 



N. TAYLOR.f 



WALNUT (formerly sometimes written wallnut, but 

 the name has no connection with wall, being rather of 

 Anglo-Saxon derivation signifying "foreign nut," as 

 the product came from the continent) . A name applied 

 to Juglans regia and its fruit, to us known mostly as 



