410 Introduction to Animal Morphology. 



labrum and epipharynx act as sucking organs. Hadrus 

 pierces the human skin deeply (Brazil). 5. Inflata head 

 bent down, small, entirely occupied by the eyes ; thorax 

 and six-ringed abdomen large inflated ; proboscis variable, 

 sometimes longer than the body, and turned under the 

 thorax, or absent ; palps rudimental. 



Sub-section 2. Nematocera antennae six-, or more-jointed. 

 This includes two families : 6. Culicidae : Gnats proboscis 

 long, thread-like^; mandibles and maxilla free. The females 

 alone sting, and the irritating fluid supposed to be instilled 

 is tin- saliva. The pupa can move, and has thoracic breath- 

 ing tubes ; the larva has an anal air tube. 7. Tipulidae : 

 Crane-flies proboscis short, fleshy; maxillae fused with the 

 labium, often also with the labrum; antennae often plumose 

 in males ; wings usually long and small; the larva of Core- 

 thra has thread-like anal gills, four dorsal gill vesicles on the 

 back, and no fatty bodies. Ctenophora has in the male 

 comb-like teeth on the antenna.-. Tipula has very long legs. 

 The larva; of Sciara sometimes wander in quantities in damp 

 ground, following each nilu-r in chains. Cecidomyia cereale 

 is the Hessian fly, which destroys grain. I leteropexa (Miastor) 

 is the form in which Metagenesis is described. The larva of 

 ; io])tera lias a lung cephalic breathing tube. 



Order 12. Lepidoptera wings four, covered with small, 

 coloured, imbricated scales; mouth suctorial; thoracic rings 

 united ; maxilla? united, elongated as a spiral antlia or 

 suctorial tube, spirally rolled when not in use. The labrum 

 and mandibles are aborted, and the labium is modified. The 

 antenna is many jointed, club-like, filiform, or pectinate; 

 eyes large ; ocelli two or none. The maxillary palp is short, 

 two-jointed, but the labial is always large. The prothorax is 

 collar-like ; the wings are radially veined. They have a suck- 

 ing stomach, a convoluted intestine ; six malpighian tubes, 

 three of which may open together. The ovaria are usually four 

 tubes, with a receptaculum, and a large bursa copulatrix. The 

 larvae are coloured, often hairy, with 5-6 ocelli on each side, 

 and prolegs behind the six anterior. There are never prolegs on 

 the first, second, seventh, or eighth abdominal segments, so 

 there may be only 5-7 pair. The pupae are obtected ; but 



