Introduction to Animal Morphology. 41 1 



the angular chrysalis case is marked with surface lines, isolat- 

 ing areas called Opthalmo-, Ptcro-, Podo-, and Ceraio-theca. The 

 surface scales have a short, easily broken pedicle of attach- 

 ment. A natural classification of the Lepidoptera is a desidera- 

 tum; but they are often grouped, according to size, into Micro-, 

 and Macro- lepidoptera. The former are minute, with bristle- 

 like antenna?, often pectinate in the males, diurnal or nocturnal, 

 with naked or sparsely-haired cocoon-spinning larva?, with 4-5, 

 pair of prolegs. Another method of division is into 

 Rhopalocera, or those with the antennce club-like, and Hetero- 

 cera, with variable antennae. The families are: i. Ptero- 

 phoridas legs long ; wing slit into feather-like plumes ; 

 larvx with five pair of prolegs. 2. Tineidce labial palps 

 long, scaly ; maxillary often long, many-jointed, very often 

 linear, pointed, or fringed ; larva? tubicolous; live on buds 

 and branches (Lithocolletis). Tinea pellionella (clothes moth) 

 and sarcitella live in woollen fabrics ; T. uvella in grapes ; 

 T. granella in corn. The females of some are wingless. 

 3. Tortricinidse proboscis short; larva with five pair of pro- 

 legs, living in rolled up leaves. 4. Pyralida? with large labial 

 and maxillary palps ; hinder wing with, at its border, a 

 bristled rctinaciilum. The Macro-lepidoptera have large 

 broad, or long narrow wings, and are nocturnal, crepuscular, 

 and diurnal forms. The nocturnal have the wings expanded, 

 one colour predominating; when at rest roof-like, or rolled 

 in to the body; larvae with 2-5 pairs of prolegs. 5. Pha- 

 lacnidae ocelli none; body slender; antennae bristle-like, 

 or pectinate; proboscis small; wings delieate, with a retina- 

 culum, caterpillars with 2-3 pair of prolegs. The larva of 

 Apterus betularius, causes the tufts on birch trees. <>. Noc- 

 tuidae body short, thick, conical ; proboscis lon^. and palps 



n, % small, with two distinct spots; hinder jo 

 tO fore bja retinaculumj tibia spurred: larv;e usually ii. : ' 



re are t: : i. f ieometri formes often diurnal, 



with -.rvac with rudimental abdominal : 



2. Noctuinac with naked lai nipe-nla de- 



stroys pin- trees. 3. i I ith hairy caterpillars. 



7. H'-i:,!'-,' Mae body thick, wool!'. cti- 



; probo- ometini' he), or 



