446 Veins of the Head and Neck. 



5. V. Tertebralis (see Fig. 488) coiTesponds to the cervical part of the a. vertebralis, 

 on the latei-al side of which it extends downward from the foramen magnum tbrough the foramina 

 transversaria of the.l^t Q^^ (often 7'^) cervical vertebra. It begins in the plexus venosi 

 vertebrales, anastomoses with the v. occipitalis and receives branches from the spinal canal, 

 from the deep muscles of the neck and from the plexus vertebrales externi. It stands open 

 and has valves at its mouth. Branch: 



a) V. cervicalis profunda (see Fig. 486) coiTesponds approximately to the a. ceryicalis pro- 

 funda, begins near the back of the head in the plexus vertebralis posterior and runs down- 

 ward behind or in front of the m. semi spinalis cervicis ; it goes forward beneath the proc. 

 transversus of the T^b cervical vertebra into the v. vertebralis. There are valves at its mouth. 

 Y. jugularis interna (internal jugular vein) (see also Fig. 489) corresponds together 

 with the V. jugidaris externa to 'the a. carotis communis. It arises as the direct continuation 

 of the sinus transversus in the lateral compartment of the foramen jugulare with a swelling, 

 the bulbus v. jugulai'is superior, above runs doT^-nward behind the a. carotis interna on the 

 lateral wall of the pharynx, becomes displaced gradually to the lateral side first of the a. carotis 

 interna, then of the a. carotis communis and extends downward, close to the latter, to the 

 V. anonyma. A little above its termination it presents a spindle-shaped dilatation, the bulbus 

 IK jugularis inferior, which is closed above by a single or double valve. Otherwise it is 

 devoid of valves. Branches: 



1. Sinus durae matris see pp. 441444. 



2. V. canaliculi cochleae (not illustrated) comes from the cochlea (see Organ of 

 Hearing) through the canaliculus cochleae and opens into the bulbus v. jugidaris superior. 



3. Yv. pharyngeae vary in number and come at different levels from the plextis ])ha- 

 ryngeus which covers the outer surface of the pharynx and receives branches from the deep 

 muscles of the pharvTix, fi-om the tuba auditiva, the palate and the dura mater (o. meningea, 

 corresponding to the a. meningea posterior), as well as the v. canalis pterygoidei [ Vidii] (from 

 the canalis pterv'goideus) ; it is connected with the neighboring veins. The inferior vv. pharyngeae 

 may open also into other branches of the v. jugularis interna. They are all devoid of valves. 



4. V. liugiialis (lingual vein) (see also Fig. 489) runs backward at first exactly as does 

 the a. lingualis, later, however, on the lateral surface of the m. hyoglossus; it receives a 

 large v. sublingualis and the vv. dorsales linguae. The a. Ungualis is accompanied medial 

 from the m. hyoglossus by small veins, which together with the v. comitans n. hypoglossi 

 open into the v. lingualis. All branches of the lingual vein possess valves ; the vein communi- 

 cates with the vv. pharyngeae and the v. thyi-eoidea superior; it opens sometunes into a v. facialis. 



5. y V. thyreoideae superiores (superior thvTeoid veins) (see also Fig. 489), usually two, ac- 

 companying the artery only in part; one opens far below, the other above, in the neighborhood of the 

 a. thyreoidea superior. The latter 'receives a v. siernocleidomastoidea and the v. laryngea superior 

 (corresponding to the a. laryngea superior), which may also open into the v. facialis comnumis, 

 and frequently the whole vein opens into the v. facialis communis. These veins possess valves. 



6. V. facialis communis (see also Figs. 488 and 489) arises beneath the angle of the 

 lower jaw, from the vo. faciales anterior and posterior, which may also open separately into 

 the V. jugularis interna. It nms.- downward and backward, covered only by the platysma, crosses 

 the a. carotis externa and terminates at the level of the hyoid bone. It has no valves. Branches: 



a) V. facialis antei-ior (see also Figs. 487 489) corresponds in its course to that of the 

 a. raaxillaris externa, which itself possesses in addition two small accompanying veins ; 

 it is a little tortuous and runs usually behind the artery and in part more superficially, 

 covered only by the m. zygomaticus and platysma, from the root of the nose to the 

 angle of the lower jaw. It arises superficially at the medial angle of the eye as the 

 V. angularis, formed by the vv. frontalis (usually unpaired, and then very frequently 

 opening into the left v. angularis), supraoi'bitalis (runs transversely median ward partly 

 beneath the m. orbicularis oculi over the margo supraorbitalis, anastomoses with the 

 vv. temporales superticialis and media) and nasofrontalis (see p. 442) ; in front of the 

 root of the. nose it forms a broad union with the vein of the other side. Above, 

 it receives further: the vv. palpebrales superiores, nasales externae, palpebrales in- 

 feriores and labialis superior, besides the ravnis profundus ; this is formed in the 

 fossa infratemporalis by the vv. alveolares superiores (corresponding to the arteries 

 of the same name) and by branches of tho plexus pterygoideus, and receives one branch 

 of the V. ophthalmica inferior; it runs forward upon the facies infratemporalis maxillae 

 and terminates below the arcus zygomaticus. Farther down enter the v. labialis in- 

 ferior, vv. massetericac and vv. parotideae anteriores. Beneath the lower jaw it 

 receives further the large v. submentalis, which is connected with the v. sublingualis 

 and V. jugularis anterior as well as one v. palatina, which corresponds to the a. 

 palatina ascendens. All the branches of the vein possess efficient valves at their mouths ; 

 the main trunk also contains such valves at the level of the ductus parotideus. 



