466 "^^eius of the Trunk. 



6. V. ilioliimbalis (see Figs. 495, 499 and 500), in })art double, accompanies the 

 a. iliolumbalis and often opens into the v. iliaca communis. It receives the vt. intervertebrales 

 (see p. 455), muscular veins and sometimes the v. luml)a]is Y, anastomoses with the ^T. lum- 

 balis ascendens, circuraflexa ilium profunda and sacrales laterales and possesses many valves. 



7. Yy. sacrales laterales (see Fig. 499), usually' double, run near the a. sacralis lateT 

 ralis and open into the v. hypogastrica or into a branch of the same. Their branches form, with 

 those of the v. sacralis media, the plexus sacralis anterior upon the facies pelvina of the sacrum. 



8. y. obturatoria (see Figs. 500 and 503) near the a. obturatoria; its branches are 

 usually doubled; it forms a broad anastomosis with the v. iliaca externa, and sometimes opens 

 into this. Its branches anastomose freely with the v. cireumflexa femoris medialis. 



9. y. gliitaea superior (see Fig. 506) accompanies the a. glutaea superior; its branches 

 are usually doubled. At its entrance into the pelvis its walls stand open and it possesses 

 valves. Behind the m. piriformis it anastomoses with the v. glutaea inferior. 



10. y. glutaea inferior (see Fig. 506), near the a. glutaea inferior; its branches, 

 usually doubled, accompany the branches of the latter. It receives a large branch from the 

 n. ischiadicus and anastomoses on the m. quadratus femoris by means of very wide vessels with 

 the V. cireumflexa femnris medialis and with the uppermost v. perforans of the vv.profundae femoris. 



y. iliaca externa (external iliac vein) (see Figs. 499, 500 and 505) begins as 

 the continuation of the v. femoralis behind the lig. inguinale, on the medial side of the a. iliaca 

 externa and, as it ascends, becomes displaced behind the artery. It receives a broad anastomosis 

 irom the v. obturatoria and frequently possesses one (usually insufficient) valve. Branches : 



1. y. epigastrica inferior (see Figs. 499, 500 and 505), usually doubled, accompanies 

 the a. epigastrica inferior. It anastomoses with the vv. epigastricae superiores and behind the 

 ramus superior ossis pubis with the v. obturatoria ; in addition it receives the vv. parimibilicales, 

 as well as the vv. speimaticae externae (not illustrated) from the funiculus spermaticus and 

 branches from the vv. cutaneae alnlominis. Below the navel it possesses numerous valves. 



2. y. circumilexa ilium profunda (see Figs. 499, 500, 503 and 505), doable in most 

 -of its course, surrounds the a. cireumflexa ilium profunda like a plexus and often opens into 

 the V. epigastrica inferior ; in so doing it crosses the a. iliaca externa on its anterior or posterior 

 surface. It anastomoses with the v. iliiilumbalis and is supplied with valves. 



Y, femoralis (femoral vein) (see Fig. 505) is the continuation of the vv. popliteae 

 from the lower end (if the canalis adductorius [Hunteri] on. In this canal it lies behind the 

 a. femoralis and somewhat lateralward from it: further up> it runs for the most part exactly 

 behind the artery, and arrives finally on the medial side of the artery in the fossa iliopecttnea. 

 In its lower portion two vv. comitantes also run close to the artery. It possesses usually 

 4 5 pairs of valves. Branches: 



1. y. epigastrica superiicialis (see also Fig. 508) is situated in the subcutaneous 

 tissue and carries the blood downward from the lower half of the anterior abdominal wall. 

 It opens in the fossa ovalis separately or, united with neighboring veins, into the v. femoralis 

 or into the v. saphena magna and possesses valves which conduct downward. 



2. y. cireumflexa ilium superiicialis (see Fig. 508), sometimes doubled for i)art 

 of its course, close to the corresponding artery in the subcutaneous tissue, opening either 

 independently or in common with the v, epigastrica superficialis. It is supplied with valves. 



3. y. thoracoepigastrica, single or doubled for long distances, extends, on the anterior 

 or lateral wall of the trunk, in the subcutaneous tissue, from the axilla as far as the fossa 

 ovalis. Its middle portion is devoid of valves, in its upper part valves direct the blood upward 

 to the axilla, in its lower part downward to the fossa ovalis. Above, the vein opens into 

 the T.^ thoracalis lateralis (see p. 453), below it goes either separately or united with the 

 V. epi^dl^trica superficialis into the v. femoralis. 



4. yy. pudendae externae (see also Fig. 508), near the aa. pudendae externae, 

 fi-equently flow into the v. saphena magna; they receive l)ranches from the skin of the ab- 

 domen, from the scrotum (or the labia raajora), vv. scrotalcs (labiales) anteriores , and ft'om 

 the penis (or the clitoris), v. dorsalis jjenis (clitoridis) cutanea; the latter runs unpaired or 

 doubled upon the fascia penis ,as far as the symphysis pubis and there bends lateralward. " 



(Continuation see ]>. 46S.) 



yv. cutaneae abdominis et pectoris form, in the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal 

 and thoracic wall, a network of vessels, supplied with valves, from which the blood is led away 

 on each side 1^* by superficial vessels to the neck, to the axilla (v. thoracoepigastrica) and to 

 the fossa ovalis (vide siijrra), 2"^ by deep, perforating vessels to the thoracic cavity (to the 

 w. mammaria interna and intercostales), to the peritoneal cavity (vv. parumbilicales) and to 

 the veins of the anterior abdominal wall (\v. epigastricae superiL>res et inferior). 



In the neighborhood of the papilla mammae the vv. cutaneae form a wreath of vessels 

 of imeven caliber, the plexus venosus mamillae. 



