ABDOMINAL VISCERA. 341 



8. The bladder is a thin-walled sac at the posterior end of 



the abdomen, just in front of the pubic symphysis. 



Turn the alimentary canal over to the right side, -without 

 cutting or tearing anything, to expose the following parts : 



9. The spleen is an elongated dark-red body lying behind 



the stomach, and attached to its left or cardiac end. 



10. The kidneys are a pair of compact ovoid bodies attached 



to the dorsal wall of the abdomen ; the right one 

 being immediately behind the liver, and the left one 

 about an inch and a half further back. In front of 

 each kidney is a small round yellow adrenal body. 



11. The diaphragm is a muscular partition forming the 



anterior wall of the abdomen, and separating it from 

 the thorax. To see it the liver should be pressed 

 back. 



12. The peritoneum is a glistening membrane which lines 



the abdominal cavity. The mesentery is a double 

 layer of peritoneum, reflected from the dorsal wall 

 of" the abdomen, which at its margin supports and 

 encloses the alimentary canal : between its two layers 

 blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves pass to and 

 from the various organs. The omentum is a special 



Fig. 64. Lepus cuniculus. Diagrammatic view from the left side. 

 The head and vertebral column are represented in longitudinal 

 section ; the lungs, the left half of the liver, the stomach, the greater 

 part of the intestine, and the brain and spinal cord have been 

 removed, and the loop of the duodenum spread out. (a. m. m.) 



A, tongue. AN, anus. B, bladder. BO, basi-occipital. BS, basi-sphenoid. 

 C, liver. CA, carotid artery. D, diaphragm. DA, aorta. E, duodenum. 

 ET, ethmo-turbinal. EU, aperture of Eustachian tube. F, pancreas. FF, 

 floccular fossa. G, gall-bladder. H, bile-duct. HV, opening of hej>atic vein 

 into posterior vena cava. IV, posterior vena cava. J, organ of Jacobson. 

 JV, left external jugular vein. K, kidney turned up. L, larynx bisected. 

 LA, left auricle. |_G, sublingual gland. |_V, left ventricle. |_7, seventh 

 lumbar vertebra. M, manubrium of the sternum, with the sternal portion of 

 the first rib. MA, anterior mesenteric artery. MG, submaxillary gland. MT, 

 maxillo-turbinal. N, posterior nasal chamber, o, optic foramen. P, hard 

 palate. PA, spermatic artery. PD, pancreatic duct. PG, perinaeal gland. 

 PN, penis. PS, pre-sphenoid. PV, portal vein. Q, oesophagus. R, hinder 

 part of the rectum. RG, rectal gland, s, uterus masculinus. SA, left sub- 

 clavian artery. SR, suprarenal body, displaced. SV, left anterior vena cava. 

 TN, right tonsil. TR, trachea. T 1 , first thoracic vertebra. T 1 2, twelfth 

 thoracic vertebra. U, ureter. V, testis, w, epididymis. X, vas deferens. 

 Y, prostate. Z, pelvic symphysis. 



