THE VEINS. 445 



i. The right jugular vein runs along the right side 

 of the neck, close to the vertebral column, and 

 dorsal to the oesophagus. 



Anteriorly it unites -with the left jugular 

 vein, on the under surface of the -base of the 

 skull. In its course down the neck it receives 

 veins from the side of the neck and from the 

 crop ; and at the posterior end of the neck it 

 is joined by the vertebral vein. 



ii. The right brachial vein returns blood from the 

 wing. 



iii. The right pectoral vein is the largest of the 

 three. It returns blood from the pectoral 

 muscles, and receives also the internal mam- 

 mary vein, which runs along the inner surface 

 of the thoracic wall. 



b. The left anterior vena cava returns blood from the 



left side by veins corresponding to those opening 

 into the right vena cava. Ab the base of the 

 heart it runs transversely across the dorsal sur- 

 face of the left auricle, to open into the left 

 border of the right auricle. 



To see the opening of the left vena cava into the auricle, 

 lift up the apex of the heart, and turn it forwards. 



c. The posterior vena cava returns blood from the 



posterior part of the body, including the liver. 



It is formed by the union of the two iliac 

 veins a short distance behind the liver. The 

 vein, so formed, runs forwards through the sub- 

 stance of the right lobe of the liver, close to its 

 dorsal surface : it receives the hepatic veins as 

 it leaves the liver, and then runs forwards as a 

 short wide vessel to open into the posterior sur- 

 face of the right auricle. 



Turn the heart forwards, to expose the posterior vena cava 

 as it enters the right auricle. Follow it bach through the 



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