l8 Lutz, Viticulture and Brewing. 



produced shedekh as well as wine ^ It must have been a vei"}- 

 expensive beverage, since in the winelists it generally precedes 

 the name of the grapewine. It is most likely the pome- 

 granate-wine of which Pliny states 2 that it was in use amongst 



the Egyptians. A third artificial wine was called baqa, (^^ = . 



It was probably made from figs or dates. This wine was im- 

 ported into Egypt from Palestine ^ A liquor, made of figs, 



was called dbjj c^i. J ( fl (Med. pap. 19, l), dbjj.t ^:^:^\[\^ 



(Pap. Anast. 3, 3, 5). See also Pap. Anast. 4, 12, 1. This liquor 

 is compared to a flame, since it burned the throat (Pap. Anast. 

 3, 3, 5). In regard to fig-wine in the Pyramid Texts see W 146a, 

 T 117a, N 454a, Pepi II, ]. 154. See also Diimichen, Der Grah- 

 palast, Vol. I, pi. XXV. 1. 95. 



Mixed or spiced wines were common in Egypt*. The 

 Egyptians mixed or flavored their wines with the juices of 

 rue, hellebore and absinthium^. Whether mixed or spiced 

 wines were admissible for use in the religious cult, is unknown, 

 but it is possible, to conjecture that contrary to the practise 



i) Diimichen, Kal. 119, 10; Recueil YV , 82, 5; S3, 7 etc. In RecueilYV, 

 79, 2 occur the writings ^S\ ^ and /-^ 



2) Pliny 14, 19; see aho Dioscor. 5, 34. 



3) According to Pap. Anast. 3 and 4, Sangar, the mountainious country 

 between the Euphrates and Tigris (modern Sindjar) exported the following 

 beverages to Egypt: qad'auar, khettaua, nekfet'er and ymbu. The Hittite 



country, i. e.. Northern Syria and Mesopotamia furnished the /\ V\ 11 *'^X 



L <rr> Y ; Sangar furnished the fl (I =:zr> Sj ; Alashiya the 



](]0 and ''-(Jlj.T^, J^-^^; Gargamish the ffl^]!]^ 







w 



and the country beetween tiie Orontes and the Balikh 11 <^^^ Zi 



(Pap. Anastasi 4, pi. 15, lines 2 4), 



4) Of interest is in this connection the popular etymology of the royal 

 name Psammetichus = pl-sB-n-mtk, "the mixer", that is, he who invented 

 mixed drinks. See Spiegelberg, in OLZ, 1905, Vol. 8, 5596". Assyrian: Pi- 

 sa-me-il-ki, Pi-sa-mi-is-ki, Tu-sa-rne-il-ki, Tallqvist, Knut, Assyrian Personal 

 Names,' \>'^. 181, 1S2. 



5) Pliny. XIV, 16. 



