^8 Lutz, Viticulture and Brewing. 



the first testimony to vineyards in Egypt. According to these 

 inscriptions the earhest vineyards, which were situated near the 

 so-callec^ "White Wall", near Memphis i, were of an oval shape, and 

 enclosed by a spiked wall. Every king of the early dynasties 

 possessed a special vineyard, which furnished the funerary 

 wine for the royal family and the royal servants-. It is of 

 course only an accident that we know only of these vineyards, 

 dedicated to ceremonial purposes. Besides these "sacred vine- 

 yards" the early kings undoubtedly also possessed their pri- 

 vate gardens, whose produce adorned the royal table. From 

 these sealing inscriptions we learn that each vineyard had 

 its special name. Whether this was true of the vineyards in 

 private possession is not known. All the vineyards known 

 to have had special names are vineyards dedicated to cere- 

 monial purposes, or, as was seemingly the case with the vine- 

 yard called ka-n-keniet, i. e. "the genius of Egypt", to cere- 

 monial purposes and to the royal usufruct. The vineyard, 

 called "anqu//ii\ which we have seen Gudea planted, was also 

 intended solely for religious purposes. These vineyard names 

 are thus no forerunners of the present custom of American 

 farmers to call their farms by names such as "Fair-View 

 Farm", "Glen-Side Farm", "Sunny Brook Farm", etc. The 

 names of the Egyptian vineyards always refer to some reli- 

 gious idea. In the oldest names is contained, in each instance, 

 an expression of a certain divine quality of the god Horus. 

 King Zoser's vineyard was named "Praised be Horus, who is 

 in the front of heaven"-'. Khasekhemui's vinegarden bore the 

 name "Praised be the souls of Horus" ^. These expressions, 



i) The vineyards of Nebesheh, Nh^mw and Sajn, however, seem to go 

 hack to the same remote age, according to the Pyr. texts; see above p. ii. 



2) Quite a number of wine jars were found in the tomb of king 



Iltit fj h Most of them had been broken , but a few still preserved their 



conical stoppers. See Amelineau, M. , Le Tombeau d'Osiris, Paris, 1899, 

 chapt. 5, p. 91 ff. and Petrie, Royal Tombs. 



3) ^ ^^ rjTk \ J, Divl-Hr-hnty-pt, or, "Praise of Horus, the First 



of Heaven". Over the vineyard estate founded by Zoser was placed a local 

 governor; see Sethe, Urkunden 1, 11 15. 



4) Dwl-blw-Hr. 



