eg ]^utz, Viticulture and Brewing. 



and Papyri ^. In these ostraca reference is made to the vine- 

 yards ka-n-kemet and to the "large irrigated terrain in Per- 

 Amon"2, which is on the west-side of the landing-place. The 

 same pubUcation offers two additional names of vineyards, to 

 which W. Max Muller first drew attention in OLZ, 1896, Vol. II, 

 p. 367. The one is called the "vineyard {//sbth N{e)-h-ira-y-na' 

 (determ. water) = nahlayn "double-brook", a dual-formation 

 of bnD, Assyr. nahlu; IIIR 35, No. 4 Obv. 12: na-hal '"'" Mu-sur 

 asar ndrji la isu, "the brook of the country of Musur, -where 

 there is no river". The other vineyard was named p-N-s-bu 

 (,determ. treei, ^^ lai;, "the prop". These wine labels served 

 two purposes. First, to show the age of the wine in the diffe- 

 rent jars, and second, to mark the quality of the wine. The 

 quality is expressed by "good wine" (Spiegelberg, Ostraca, 

 Nos. 140, 162, 248, 257, 259, 262, 291 and 299), "sweet wine", 

 (Nos. 186, 224, 266), and "very good wine" (Nos. 177, I95, 

 197, 229, 255, 256). The wine was inspected and tested by 

 special officers called "inspector of the wine test" (Pap. Leiden, 

 I, 348, 10)''. The paintings show us also the mode of storing 

 away new wine in Egypt (see Illustration No. 11). The jars, 

 which were pointed at the bottom ^, rested either in the ground, 

 or they were attached to a wooden stand or a stone ring (see 

 Illustration No. 12). They were placed in successive rows. That 

 row which rested against the back wall of the wine cellar was the 

 last one used and therefore contained the oldest wines. A wine 

 cellar in Esna^ contains the legend: "This is the wine cellar. 



AAAAfW 



i) Egj'ptian Research Account, 1898, pi. XIX XXXV. 



2) Concerning the geogr.aphic situation of the vineyard 1 x ^^ /wv;^ 



see Spiegelberg, Rec. Irar. 16, p. 64 '^Irit, the daughter of the ship-captain 

 Bln-nty (has become) the wife of the royal prince St-mntiv, who is in the 

 vineyard of the temple of Ramses II. at Memphis". 



o 



waltung Aegypt. unter den Phar. 



4) Large, hard-baked clay winejars, which were pointed at the base, 

 were in use by the Orientals and Greeks and Romans alike. In Hebrew 

 these jars are called Kad, while in Syriac they bore the name danna, which 

 word passed later into the Arabic language, dann, pi. dinan. Babyl. danmi. 



5) See Brugsch, WB , Vol. VI, p. 611. A rare word probably denoting 

 , wine-cellar' occurs in Miiller, W. Max, Die Liehespoesie der alien Agypier, 



