The Beer in the Ancient Orient. n(\ 



Ludwig Borchardt was the first scholar who explained the 

 meaning of those pictures and statues which refer to the 

 brewing industry ^ in Egypt and who indirectly helped to 

 understand also the Babylonian texts, which contain the ear- 

 liest beer-brewing recipes that have come down to us 2. 

 A certain amount^ of .grain, either barley, spelt or wheat ^ is 

 poured into a mortar and ground, after being moistened. 

 After that yea^t was_added ^ and worked into the dough. 



On the east-wall of the tomb of Rahenem |' If ^. ), sur- 

 named 'Isy (( H (), at Deir el-Gebrawi^ we see the dough 



piled 14D in many .earthjiUlware_:vressels. Some of these vessels 

 are taken by a man and stacked for bakmg (see Illustration 

 No. 151 .Below these vessels was then set a_ slow fire. The 

 man, who is about to slightly bake the loaves in the ves- 

 sels, is pictured shading his face from the heat. When 

 the bread was half baked, it was broken into pieces and 



^v dvrivtinuj TOTTUJ, euj; irpuuT Kai irdXiv ppeEov oipai; i. ^TTi|^aX\e eii; Ppa- 

 Xiujviov dYT^iov uOfAoeibei; Kai pp^x^. irpoavaEripaive 'iwc, ou Y^vrjTai, Olk; 

 TiXri, Kai ore yevrixai, ij/firov ^v nXioi, ^uu? ou ir^ar] to laaXiov y^P TtiKpov. 



AoiTTov ctXeaov, Kai -rroiriaov dpxoui; irpoaj^aXXaiv Z^uiar^v, oiairep dprov, 

 Kai 6iTTa ajiioxepov, Kai orav ditavdujoiv , bidXue (ibuup '{KmyX Kai n^mZie 

 bid fi9)aou f| KoaKivou XerrToO. 



"AXXoi be OTTTOvxeq dpxouq pdXXouoiv etc kXoo^ov laexd libaxo?, Kai 

 k.^i}0\i(5\. niKpov, Vva |uri KOxXdor], |ur)X r| )(k\o.pov Kai dvaOiruicJi Kai 

 nOiuiZouaiv, Kai irepiaKeudaavxei; depiuaivouoiv, Kai dvaKpivouaiv. 

 [Zosiml Panopoiitani de Zythorum confectione fragmentum , ed. C. G. Gruner, 

 Solisbachi, 1814). See also Dioscor. II, 109 and ,110. 



i) Aeg. Z. 36, p. 128 ft'. 2) See below p. 88. 



3j That sometimes also wheat was used is indicated in Theophrast., De 

 causa plant., 6, 11, 2: oi xouc; oi'vouc; TroioOxeq ^k tujv KpiSdiv Kai xu)v TTupiIjv 

 Kui x6 ^v AiTUTTXU) KaXou|aevov ^OQoq. See also Ulp. Dig., XXXIII, 6, 9 pr. 



1^ O. q^. Hebrew l^ttJ; see f. i., Rec. I, 72, 3: a n 1" 



4) 



O 



h I 



(and) the beer into the cellar". Another word for yeast is ('=^-^ y 



c^ W III 



vww. "^ 1^,, see Br., \VB, Vol. VI, p. 660. 



5) Davies, The Rock-Tow hs of Deir el Gebrawi, part II, pi. XX. 



