1 14 Lutz, Viticulture and Brewing. 



of vegetation in general, and the fructification of the vine in 

 particular, symbolized to the Egyptians the successive phases 

 of the rebirth of Osiris. In this mystic signification the vine- 

 plant figures for instance in the tomb of Sennofri near Sheikh- 

 abd-el-Gurnah. The observation made by the Ancients of 

 the vine's reproduction and multiplying without seed, tended 

 naturally to see something divine in this plant. It was, there- 

 fore, a befitting symbol of Batau^, or Osiris, who re^'ives 

 again, in spite of his mutilation 2. According to Pyr. 1082 the 

 sky-goddess conceived Osiris by wine. In a bilingual the element 

 "IDS of the name of a man of Tyre, called ~IDX~1S?, corresponds 

 to Aiovuoiog, Baudissin, Der phonizische Gott Esmun, ZDMG, 

 Vol. 59, (1905) p. 485, note 1. A second Egyptian Dionysos 

 was Antaeus, who is known to us only by this classical name 

 Antaeus (or Antaios), and who was. worshipped at Antaiopolis 

 in Middle-Egypt. Also to him the vine or the ivy was holy. 

 Golenischeff-* wished to identify him with the Semitic god 

 Resheph, C|'ttj"i, Respu, referring to Plutarch's de Is. et Os., 

 chapter 37, in which it is said that Dionysos is called in Egyp- 

 tian Apoacpric;. The god Osiris of the Ethiopians of Meroe 

 has been considered very early as a Dionysos^. Also Horus 

 is sometimes identified with Dionysos by the Greeks ^. A deity, 

 identified with the l6th decan star, the principal star of the 

 constellation Shesmu (SeOjJiri) is written with the hieroglyph 

 of a press. In Pyr. P 707 he appears to give water and wine. 

 Pyr. T 41 brings him into connection with a "vine-city". See 

 MuUer, Mj/tk. p. 58. Tenemet also seems to have been a pa- 

 troness of intoxicating drink, according to de Morgan, Ombos 

 No. 65. 



It mar finally be remarked that the misshapen god Bes, 

 of Punt(?), who gained a footing in Egypt as well as in Asia 



i) Pap. d'Orb. 



2) On the identification of Osiris with Dionysos see Revue des Questions 

 historiques, avril, 1893 and Rec. XX, p. 211 ff. See also Miiller, Max W., Mytho- 

 logy, p. 113, fig. 117 Osiris under the vine. 



3) Aeg.Z., 1882, p. 138 ff. and plates 3 and 4. Antaeus sometimes 

 in the monuments is identified with Seth. 



4) Herod. II, 29 and Origines, c. Celsum V,*37 and 38. 



5) Diod I, 17 and Plat., de Is. et Os., cap. 37, 



