80 COMPOSITE. 



3. ASPERULA. Cor. funnel-shaped. St. 4. Fruit dry, with no 

 limb to the calyx. 



ORD. 37. YALERIANACE.E. 



1. VALERIAN A. Cor. 5-lobed, gibbous at the base. St. 3. Fruit 



1-celled. Cal. unrolling as a pappus. 



2. FEDIA. Cor. 5-lobed, gibbous at the base. St. 3. Fruit 



3-celled, crowned with the toothed limb of the calyx. 



ORD. 38. DIPSACACE^:. 



1. DIPSACUS. Receptacle with spinous scales. Involucel with a 



thickened margin. Cal. cup-shaped, without awns. Cor. 

 4-cleft. St. 4. Plant rough with small prickles. 



2. SCABIOSA. Receptacle scaly. Involucel membranous or 



minute. Cal. of 4 5 bristles. Cor. of 4 nearly equal seg- 

 ments. 



3. KNAUTIA. Receptacle hairy. Involucel terminating in four 



small teeth. Cal. cup-shaped, with spreading teeth. 



ORD. 39. COMPOSIT/E. 



Sub-Order 1. CICHOR ACE/E. Florets all ligulate and perfect. 



A. Pappus plumose, or on the exterior achenes scaly. 



Receptacle without scales. 



1. TRAGOPOGON. Involucre of one row, connected at the base. 



Achenes striate, beaked. Pappus in many rows. 



2. APARGIA. Involucre unequally imbricated, exterior ones 



small. Achenes slightly beaked ; pappus in two rows, inner 

 feathery, outer setaceous. 



3. THRINCIA. Involucre oblong, imbricated. Achenes beaked ; 



pappus of the outer ones forming a short scaly cup. 



B. Pappus plumose. Receptacle scaly. 



4. HYPOCHCERIS. Involucre imbricated. Achenes beaked, roughly 



striate. Pappus with the outer row bristly; inner feathery. 



C. Pappus pilose, not feathery. 



5. SONCHUS. Involucre swollen at the base, with 2 or 3 rows of 



imbricated scales. Achenes compressed. Pappus soft. 

 Plants with bitter milky juice, and tubular stems. 



6. CREPIS Involucre scaly at the base. Achenes nearly round, 



ribbed. Pappus soft, white, deciduous, sometimes brittle. 



7. LEONTODON. Involucre imbricated with soft scales, mostly 



reflexed. Achenes inuricated above, suddenly contracted 

 into a beak. Pappus on a filiform stalk. 



8. HIERACIUM. Involucre imbricated. Achenes truncate, with 



an entire or toothed margin. Pappus brittle, in one row, 

 frequently brownish. Receptacle dotted. 



