SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY. 63 



and vice versd, that characterize animals with uninjured cere- 

 bral lobes, and who hence are capable of volition or intentional 

 spontaneity. 



The faculties called intelligence and instinct unite these 

 opposing phenomena, perception and thought on the one 

 hand, volition and spontaneous movements on the other. 

 The seat of the phenomena which we have just analyzed is 

 localized in the cerebral hemispheres, especially in the gray 

 cortical substance of these hemispheres. An animal deprived 

 of these hemispheres is plunged in a peculiar sleep, dreamless 

 sleep (Flourens). On the contrary, pathological conditions 

 which over-excite the cerebral convolutions awaken in them 

 chains of disordered thoughts, which a diseased brain considers 

 external realities ; of this order are the delirium in meningitis, 

 madness in its acute and chronic varieties ; thus those who 

 are concerned in the care and study of insanity seek to attach 

 to these organs the alterations of intelligence, especially the 

 somatic element, in which psychical disturbances are simply 

 the manifestation of the disease. 



The development of the cerebral convolutions, and, perhaps 

 we might even say, the quality of the gray cortical substance, 

 are in proportion to the amount of intelligence possessed by 

 the animal ; idiots seem to have fewer nerve globules than 

 persons of sound intellect. In the autopsy of idiots portions 

 of the brain are found made up of connective tissue, and 

 containing a large amount of embryonic globules which have 

 not been transformed into nerve elements. 1 



D. GREAT SYMPATHETIC. 



The great sympathetic is composed of a series of ganglions 

 arranged along the side of the vertebral column (Fig. 15), at 

 the side of each vertebra (except in the cervical region, where 

 there are groups of three great ganglions). The ganglions 

 of the same side are connected by commissures, whence re- 

 sult cords arranged in chaplets. 



Moreover, these globular groups send commissures from 

 one portion towards the spinal cord (rami commwiicantes)^ 

 and from another portion towards the viscera and other 

 organs in general (nerves of the great sympathetic). At a 

 certain distance from the chain of the great sympathetic, in 

 the course of those commissures, going either towards the 



* Kiiss in P. Ad. Rousseau. These de Strasbourg, 1866. (Note 

 *' Sur le Role et 1'Importance du Globule en Physiologic.) 



