1 1 4 Massachusetts Fern 



margins ciliately pubescent, in sporophylls slightly revolute: 

 surfaces finely pubescent, lower surface studded with minute 

 yellowish glands: rachis stramineous, narrowly furrowed on face, 

 texture herbaceous: color light or deeper green, rather bright. 



Venation pinnate, free : primary branches of mid veins of pin- 

 nae's segments simple, or a few forked. 



Sori rather large, submarginal or medial : indusia finely glan- 

 dular on margin. 



Spores red-brown, under a lens yellow, roughened with ir- 

 regular ridges. 



Habitat. Woodland swamps; sphagnous thickets, roadsides 

 and pastures ; wet banks of streams, etc. ; most luxuriant in 

 shaded swamps. In plants exposed to the sun the pinnae are 

 usually conduplicate and the leaf-blade somewhat contracted, 

 suggesting a narrow form of Athyrium filix-jcemina. Often ac- 

 companied by Lorinseria areolata. 



Range. Maine to Maryland. Also Vermont and New York, 

 and reported from Indian Territory and Missouri. Probably of 

 wider range. 



Dryopterissimulata. Davenport, Botanical Gazette, 19: 497. 1894, as syn. 

 Nephrodiums imulatum. Davenport, Botanical Gazette, 19: 497. 1894, 

 as syn. Also Rhodora, 4: 10. 1902. 



THE development of the form of the leaf-blade of Dryopteris 

 simulata needs little explanation beyond that given by the figures. * 

 From these may be seen the manner in which the lateral pri- 

 mary segments of the early leaves become the pinnae with small 

 lobes of later, and these lobes lengthen into the segments, some- 

 times in turn becoming lobed, of the pinnae of the mature leaves, f 



* Plates XXVIII, XXIX, XXX. 



t For comparison of the leaf-development in this fern and in D. noveboracensis see 

 page 94. 



