NORTH AMERICA 



551 



ideas, and was used indiscriminate!}' as substantive and adjective, and with slight modification 

 as verb and adverb. Manifestly a term so protean is not susceptible of translation into the 

 more highly differentiated languages of civilisation. Manifestly, too, the idea expressed by the 

 term is indefinite, and cannot justly be rendered into spirit, much less into Great Spirit." 

 Thus ends a myth crystallised into the English language by the poem "Hiawatha"! 



The so-called Pueblo ( = Village) Indians of the flat table-lauds (mesas) of Arizona and New 

 Mexico differ so remarkably in their culture, habitations, and general mode of life from all the 

 tribes hitherto considered that they must be noticed separately. It is not that they form a 

 single linguistic or ethnical stock-group, like those above mentioned, "because the Hopi, who 

 inhabit seven villages in North-eastern Arizona (Tusaya), are undoubtedly a branch of the 

 great nomad Shoshonean stock of the prairies, who have taken to a settled life. The reason 

 for the association of all the Pueblo tribes is to be found rather in the general similarity of 

 their customs, ceremonies, culture, traditions, and dwellings; in all of which respects they 

 stand on a much higher platform than do their northern and eastern neighbours. In these 

 respects, indeed, they appear to constitute in some degree a connecting-link between the latter 

 and the still more cultured tribes of Mexico and Peru. It has further been suggested that 

 a more or less intimate connection exists between the Pueblo Indians and the Algonquian 

 mound-builders of the Ohio Valley. But this is not accepted by other writers, who regard 

 the mounds, the Pueblo structures, and the Maya-Aztec monuments as of independent 

 local origin. 



Be this as it may, it is evident that the so-called cliff-dwellers of the Canyon de Chelly, 

 in Arizona, form only one development of Pueblo culture. In addition to the Tusayan Hopi, 

 already mentioned, who are commonly designated (by a vile term of abuse) Moki by their 

 neighbours, the Pueblo Indians are divided 

 into three groups, severally known as the 

 Tanoan, Keresan, and Zufiian. Each of these 

 speaks a different stock-language; and the 

 whole of them number about 10,300, and 

 occupy about thirty distinct villages, or 

 pueblos. With the exception of the Zufli, 

 who inhabit a single pueblo in New Mexico, 

 each of these stocks is subdivided into 

 numerous tribes. And although as a matter 

 of convenience all the Pueblo Indians have 

 been brigaded in a single group in the 

 table given on page 534, it will be manifest 

 that the subdivisions of these groups really 

 correspond to the stock-groups of the less 

 cultured tribes. 



All the Pueblo tribes dwell, or rather 

 dwelt, as regards some of them, in permanent 

 buildings, some of which were remarkable 

 for their size and complexity. A writer 

 in Scribner's Magazine, when describing 

 the cliff-dwellings of the Canyon de Chelly, 

 says that the " mysterious mound-builders 

 fade into comparative insignificance before 

 the grander and more ancient cliff- 

 dwellers, whose castles lift their towers 

 amid the sands of Arizona and crown the 

 terraced slopes of the Eio Mancos and the 

 Hovenweap. ... In size and grandeur of 



Dr. mrenreicti\ 

 A CARIB OR ACKAWOI WOMAN (FULL-PACE), WITH 

 SPIKES IN LOWER LIP AND EARS. 



