iv THE LIVING RACES OF MANKIND 



natural surroundings, their dress (or want of it), their weapons, dwellings, and the tattoo-marks 

 on their bodies, or the flesh-wounds and scars of which Australians and some negroes seem 

 so proud. Such a collection of photographs from life carefully selected so as to avoid half- 

 castes, or very mixed types, as far as it is possible can never be entirely superseded, even 

 when artists of the camera discover their philosopher's stone photography in colour. Many 

 standard works on Ethnology are disfigured by engravings which are far from accurate, and in 

 some cases are nothing less than parodies of the people they profess to portray. Even when 

 a woodcut is prepared directly "from a photograph," it cannot always be trusted. However 

 excellent the photograph may be, the engraver often entirely fails to interpret it. lie has 

 not studied anatomy, or the different types of human physiognomy, and to him there is very 

 little difference between a Polynesian or a Papuan and an African negro. If the illustrations 

 in so admirable and scientific a work as Ratzel's "History of Mankind" sometimes fail to 

 convey a true idea of the type, some others, well known to the public, are far worse. The 

 photographs here reproduced have been selected from a large collection gathered together 

 with much labour by the author from professional and amateur photographers at home and 

 abroad. Full acknowledgment of his obligations to many friends in connection with this work 

 cannot be made here. In order to get as many good photographs as possible, he has visited 

 the ethnographical collections of Paris, Leyden, Hamburg, Dresden, and Leipzig, besides Oxford 

 and Cambridge. The ethnologists of these universities have rendered much valuable assistance. 



The plan adopted is to deal first with Polynesia and Australia, passing on to the East 

 Indies and Malay Peninsula. This affords a convenient bridge to the Continent of Asia, 

 each country being dealt with in turn. The races of Africa will next be described; then we 

 pass on to Europe, and finally to North and South America. 



The writer has, in previous works, expressed his acceptance of the doctrine of Evolution, 

 and he can see no sufficient reason for refusing to believe that Man has ascended from some 

 humbler type; more than this he cannot say, because scientific problems would be out 

 of place in the present work. 



In conclusion, the writer is greatly indebted to his friends Dr. J. W. Gregory and 

 Mr. Lydekker for the very kind way in which they have assisted him to carry out his task. 

 Dr. Gregory, whose wide knowledge of the subject is derived both from his own travels and 

 from his extensive study of the subject, has written the six chapters dealing with the African 

 races; whilst Mr. Lydekker, who is so well known by his writings and researches on Natural 

 History, Palaeontology, and Anthropology, has kindly contributed the chapters dealing with the 

 races of North, Central, and South America. 



H. N. HUTCHINSON. 



