42 THE RURAL EFFICIENCY GUIDE STOCK 



additional pint of water and a tablespoon ful of cooked oil meal is substituted for a 

 pint of the whole milk until half the milk ration consists of oil meal and water. 

 This half and half mixture is usually continued until the calf is from three to 

 four months old and able to do well on the ration of hay and grain. 



The Whole Milk Method. In a prominent condensery district a breeder 

 of fine Holstein cattle who gets splendid size in his cows, feeds whole milk 

 until the calves are twelve weeks old and then depends on whole oats, hay and 

 pasture. 



In all instances calves should be encouraged at as early an age as possible 

 to eat grain and hay. Oats alone, or bran and oats, or a mixture of 50 parts 

 oats, 30 parts bran, 10 parts corn meal, and 10 parts oil meal make a good 

 grain ration. Hay of fine quality, and preferably well cured second cutting 

 of clover or alfalfa, should be fed. Pure fresh water should be supplied daily. 

 Calves should have free access to salt at all times and everything should be 

 done to provide clean and comfortable quarters. 



How Whey May Be Used. If whey is used for raising calves, it should 

 be sweet and clean and fed at about the temperature of freshly drawn milk. 

 Each patron of a cheese factory should have special cans for getting as much 

 whey each day as will be needed for the calves and have these filled directly 

 from the cheese vat. Whey from the general whey vat is likely to be sour or 

 otherwise unfit to feed to calves. Sweet whey should only be fed after the calf has 

 been well started on whole milk. 



One man reports good results from feeding sweet whey and shelled corn. If 

 a handful of shelled corn is thrown into the whey the calf soon learns to eat this 

 immediately after drinking the whey. Whey, shelled corn, good hay and pasture, 

 when in season, together with good care, gave good results for this stockman. 



Treating Calves for Scours. Calves that scour may be treated success- 

 fully in several ways if the case is not too serious. It is well to have one good 

 remedy for serious cases and the following may be recommended : 



As soon as symptoms appear, from two to four tablespoon fuls of caster oil are 

 mixed with one-half pint of milk and given to the calf. This is followed in from 

 four to six hours by a teaspoonful of a mixture of one part salol and two parts sub- 

 nitrate of bismuth. This mixture can be purchased at any drug store and will be 

 ready for use at any time. The powder can be given in one-half pint of milk or 

 placed on the calf's tongue and washed down with a small amount of milk. 

 The allowance of feed should be reduced at once and not increased until the con- 

 dition of the calf warrants. In mild cases castor oil is unnecessary and therefore 

 can be omitted. Forcing the calf to eat an egg and the shell, feeding lime water 

 and give a tablespoonful of wheat flour are simple home remedies that are used 

 successfully. 



Precautions Against Scours. Special care needs to be taken to avoid 

 scours. Tincture of iodine or a solution of one part bichloride of mercury (corro- 

 sive sublimate) to 500 parts of water applied several times to the navel of the 

 new born calf, safeguards against contagious scours. It is important to have 

 the cows calve in disinfected, clean, well lighted, well ventilated pens, and to 



