HAND-FEEDING OF CALVES 157 



oats. If available, a few pulped roots may be added 

 to the cake, bran and oats. The concentrated mixture 

 works out at 19 per cent, albuminoids, 5 per cent, oil, 

 and 9 per cent, fibre, which is a fairly satisfactory 

 " standard " for calves. 



Fourth month. Gruel can now be gradually reduced 

 in quantity, and the allowance of dry concentrated food 

 increased to I Ib. per head per day by the end of the 

 month. The calf will require more hay or cut grass, 

 unless it is out at grass. If no grass is available, 

 continue with pulped or better, fingered roots. 



Fifth month. Separated milk and gruel can now be 

 discontinued. The cake and meal mixture would need 

 to be gradually increased up to 2 Ibs. per head per day 

 by the end of the sixth month. 



For the second six months the concentrated mixture 

 may consist of I part linseed cake, I part bran, 

 and 2 parts ground oats, giving a composition in the 

 mixture of: albuminoids, 17 per cent. ; oil, 6J per cent. ; 

 and fibre, g\ per cent. 



Cotton cakes should not be given to cattle under 

 twelve months old, as the undecorticated cakes are too 

 high in fibre, and the decorticated cotton cake may also 

 cause digestive troubles unless fed with caution. If fed 

 at all, it should be in small quantities at a time, mixed 

 with maize and ground oats. 



In this way a lovely young animal may be 

 made by the end of the first twelve months, and 

 although it may not be quite so "bloomy" as one fed 

 on whole milk, yet the difference will not be great, and 

 it will have been produced much more economically 

 (see p. 1 60). Mr Lindsay, in a paper before the 

 Agricultural Discussion Society at Aberdeen Uni- 

 versity in 1905, said he preferred a pail-reared to a 



