258 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 



CHAP. 



FIG. 214. Embryo of Helix Walton! (4 mm. 

 long), from the right side (after P. and F. 

 Sarasin). 1, Cephalic vesicle ; 2, upper (optic) 

 tentacle ; 3, eye ; 4, lower tentacle ; 5, oral 

 lobe ; 6, sensory plate ; T, podocyst. 



of the foot, in the same way, is often widened into a pulsating pedal vesicle or 



podocyst. Towards the end of larval life 

 the cephalic and pedal vesicles and other 

 similar "larval hearts" degenerate. 



The embryonic shell is either retained 

 throughout life or is thrown off at an early 

 stage, and replaced by the rudiment of the 

 definitive shell. Even a second temporary 

 shell occasionally attains development. 



It must again be noted that shell-less 

 Gastropods, to whatever natural division 

 they belong, pass through a typical Veliger 

 stage, and at the older Veliger stage have 

 a distinctly demarcated coiled visceral 

 dome, with a corresponding shell, and 

 usually an operculum on the metapodium. 

 In the larva of the gymnosomatous Ptrropoda three postoral accessory ciliated 

 rings are developed on the body. 



C. Scaphopoda. 



Ontogeny of Dentalium. Segmentation, in these animals, leads to the formation 

 of a cceloblastula, from which a ca-logastrula arises by invagination. The blastopore 

 at first lies posteriorly on the ventral side, but 

 gradually shifts, as in Chiton, more and more 

 forward along the ventral side. The stomodaeum 

 arises as an ingrowth of the ectoderm, the blasto- 

 pore nevertheless remaining open. A typical 

 Molluscan Trocophora is developed, although no 

 primitive kidney has been found. The velum is 

 a thick ridge jround the body of the long oviform 

 larva. This ridge consists of three rings of very 

 large ectoderm cells, each row carrying a circle 

 of long cilia. The shell gland spreads out at an 

 early stage, its lateral edge soon growing out 

 ventrally and posteriorly as the mantle fold. 

 The free edges of the two folds fuse at a later 

 stage below the body. The anus forms very late. 

 The development of the cerebral and pedal 

 ganglia and of the auditory organ has been 

 specially carefully observed. On the ventral 

 side of the pretrochal area, in front of the velum 

 and behind the tuft of cilia, two symmetrical 

 invaginations of the ectoderm form the cephalic 

 sacs or tubes. These become constricted from the 

 ectoderm at a later stage, their lumen gradually 

 narrows and finally disappears, while their walls 

 become thick and multilaminar by the con- 

 tinuous growth of the cells. The two cell masses which thus arise become connected 

 in the middle line above and below the oesophagus, and form the cerebral ganglion. 

 The otocysts arise at the base of the pedal rudiment on each side as ectodermal 

 epithelial pits, which soon become detached from the ectoderm in the form of 

 epithelial vesicles. Immediately beneath these auditory vesicles, certain ectoderm 



FIG. 215. Larva of Dentalium, 37 

 hours old, posterior and lower aspect 

 (after Kowalevsky). 1, Cephalic tuft ; 

 2, rudiments of the cerebral ganglion 

 (cephalic tubes) ; 3, velum, consisting 

 of three rows of cilia ; 4, mouth, hidden 

 under the ridge of the velum ; 5, mantle 

 fold. 



