134 



C. A. SCHENCK. 



About 1800, begins the epoch making activity of George 

 L. Hartig and Heinrich von Cotta, founders of forestry. 



When, by 1850, the fear of a wood famine had subsided, the 

 idea and the ideals of conservative forestry had taken deep root 

 in the public mind. 



Restrictions of the ONvners relative to the management of their 

 holdings exist: 



(a) Where the state forests form a small percentage only of 

 the total forest area. 



(b) Where a private forest has protective character. 

 Communal forests, however, are frequently found under go- 

 vernment control or management. 



About Vs of all German woodlands is free from any restrictions 

 with reference to destructive lumbering. 



A German government's practical forest policy, in 1911, con- 

 sists of: 



1. Conservative use and gradual improvement (roads; growing 

 stock) of all forests under governmental control; combined with 

 energetic increase of revenue derived from the forests ; 



2. Reforestation of all waste land ; purchase of small wood 

 lots mismanaged by their owners ; and gradual increase of forest 

 area under governmental control ; 



3. Expert service for the benefit of private parties: viz., free 

 advice on the spot rather than by letters; working plans; 

 planting plans ; co-operation in all branches of administration 

 and of management; forestry excursions; valuation surveys; 



4. Attempts at formation of forest-corporations ; 



5. Extension of fire protection over private lands ; 



6. Liberation of forests from the burden of prescriptive rights 

 for timber, fuel, pasture, etc. ; 



7. Special control of protection-forests; 



8. Education of rangers and foresters at governmental expense, 

 often in connection with militaiy service ; 



9. Measures tending to improve the position, the standing, the 

 efficiency of forestry officials ; 



10. Plant supply from state nurseries, at cost, upon application 

 by private owners; 



11. Systematic forest researches through state experiment 

 stations ; 



