72 Germany. 



Even the first forest finance calculations with the use 

 of compound interest, and a comparison of the profita- 

 bleness of the different methods of management, are to 

 be recorded as made by Zanthier in 1764, bringing the 

 beginning of forestal statics into this period. 



10. Methods of Lumhering and Utilization. 



At the beginning of this period rough exploitation 

 was still in vogue, only parts of trees being used, just as 

 in the United States now. Here and there attempts 

 were being made toward more conservative use of trees, 

 for instance, at Brunswick in 1547 the use of log timber 

 for fuel was discouraged. We find also that in Saxony, 

 as early as 1560 the brushwood was utilized for fuel. 

 High stumps were a usual feature in spite of the threats 

 of punishment which some of the forest ordinances an- 

 nounced, as in Bavaria (1531). The axe was the only 

 instrument used until the end of the 18th century, for 

 felling as well as cutting into lengths; not until 1775 

 do we find an allusion to the use of the saw, when the 

 forest ordinance of Weimar ordered that the saw-cut 

 should be made for three-fourths of the tree's diameter 

 and the axe be used to finish ( !) the last quarter. Not 

 until the 18th century was the fuel-wood split and it 

 was near the end of the period before it was set up in 

 mixed cords (round and split) after the splitting had 

 been introduced. The measure was, until about that 

 time, merely in loads, the cord being of later introduc- 

 tion. 



The value of low stumps and of the use of the saw was 

 recognized in Austria in 1786. To show how variously 

 and locally the need of conservative use of wood de- 



