86 Germany. 



umes, is an authority and a historical source of the first 

 rank. 



A very characteristic literature of the last half of the 

 18th century consisted in forest calendars in which 

 advice as to monthly and seasonal procedures in the 

 forest were given, Beckman and Zanthier being among 

 the authors. 



III. Development in the Nineteenth Century. 



The last hundred years or so has seen in Grermany 

 the development of fully established forest policies and 

 the complete organization of stable forest administra- 

 tions, based upon thorough and careful recognition of 

 the principles of forest management and intensive appli- 

 cation of silvicultural methods. 



1. Changes in Property Conditions. 



The change in forest treatment from the conditions 

 prevailing during the previous period was largely due 

 to the change in property relations, and especially 

 to the establishment of state forests. This change was 

 largely the result of the revolutionary movements at the 

 beginning of the new century which brought about 

 changes in state organizations. With the exception of 

 Prussia, where the princely forest property had been 

 declared state domain in 1713, elsewhere the public 

 domain had been considered the property of the princes 

 as such, outside of their personal private property (Cha- 



