Leading Foresters. 93 



basis the forest administration of Prussia, and many of 

 the things he instituted still prevail. In organizing the 

 service he introduced fixed salaries and relieved the 

 foresters from financial responsibilities, transferring all 

 handling of money to a separate set of officials, -whereby 

 the attempt at fraudulent practice or graft was removed. 

 He issued instructions for the different grades of for- 

 esters and every part of this work was all his own. In 

 regulating the forest area of the state he developed the 

 volume allotment method, which, however, proved too 

 cumbersome to be readily applied to large areas. Toward 

 the end of his life his work was not entirely successful 

 and he lost prestige in his later years. 



Heinrich von Cotta (1763-1844) studied at the Uni- 

 versity of Jena and afterwards practiced in Thuringia, 

 irhere he established a master school at ZiQbach (1795). 

 In 1811 he was called to Tharand, Saxony, as director 

 of forest surveys, whither he also transferred his school, 

 which in 1816 was made a state institution and is still 

 flourishing. In that year he was made the director 

 of the Bureau of Forest Management. like Hartig, he 

 was eminent in the three directions of practical, literary, 

 and professional work, but he excelled Hartig in origin- 

 ality, developing new principles and thought. Being 

 a good plant-physiologist and observer of nature, he de- 

 veloped new ideas in silviculture, especially with refer- 

 ence to methods of thinnings, and his "Anweisung zum 

 WaJdbau/ written in the simplest, clearest and most 

 forceful manner, forms a classic worthy of study to this 

 day. In the field of forest management he became the 

 inventor of the area allotment method and the originator 

 of the highly developed Saxon forest management. As 



