114 Germany. 



right of the nobility to the higher positions, which lasted 

 in some States until 1848, and the practice of making 

 connection with military service a basis for appointment 

 were abolished, and, instead of employing Cameralists, 

 educated foresters came everywhere to the head of affairs. 

 The lower service which had been recruited from hunters 

 and lackeys, and which was noted for its low social, moral 

 and pecuniary status, was improved in all directions. 

 Although incidentals in the way of fees and natural in- 

 stead of money emoluments still play a role even to date, 

 the establishment of definite salaries and the salutary 

 change of methods in transacting business, which Hartig 

 introduced, became general. With the development and 

 importance of forestry schools, the requirement of a 

 higher technical education for positions in State service 

 could be enforced. Yet only within the last twenty-five 

 or thirty years, has the ranking position of forest oJOScers 

 been made adequate and equalized with that of other 

 /vofiicers of equal responsibility. 



The central administration now lies in the hands of 

 technical men (Oierlandforstmeister) with a council of 

 technical deputies (Landforstmeister) all of whom have 

 passed through all the stages of employment from the 

 district managers up. This central office or "division of 

 forestry" is either attached to the department of agri- 

 culture, or to that of finance, and has entire charge of 

 the questions of personnel, direction of forest schools, 

 of the forest policy of the administation, and the ap- 

 proval of all working plans, acting in all things pertain- 

 ing to the forest service as a court of last resort. The 

 working plans are made and revised by special commis- 

 sioners in each case, or, as in Saxony, under the direction 



