118 Oermany. 



Prussia, the North German Federation instituted the 

 Zollverein (Tariff alliance). Import duties were, how- 

 ever, again established in 1879, and the policy of protect- 

 ing the established organized forest management against 

 competition by importations from exploiting countries 

 has been more and more recognized as proper in the re- 

 vision of tariff rates and railroad freight rates on the 

 government railroads. 



During the first decades of the century, the supply 

 question was uppermost, and although such men as 

 Pfeil (1816) laughed at the idea of a wood famine, there 

 was good reason, prior to the development of railroads, of 

 coal fields, of iron and steel manufactures, etc., for dis- 

 cussing with apprehension the area and condition of sup- 

 ply and the extent of the consumption. ISTevertheless 

 the attitude of the state toward private property was 

 much more influenced by the economic theories then 

 prevalent, which taught the ideas of private liberty toi 

 which the French Eevolution had given such forcible] 

 expression. 



With the change of the different municipal communi- 

 ties into units or parts of political or state machines,! 

 whereby independence in the management of their prop-j 

 erty was secured, many of the old restrictions fell away.] 

 Curiously enough, during the French domination under] 

 Napoleon, the new masters, forgetting the spirit of thai 

 revolutionary period, introduced the prescriptions of thel 

 old French ordinance of 1669 which restricted the use! 

 of communal property to the extent of excluding the] 

 owners entirely from the management of their property,] 

 placing it under government officers. After the French] 

 withdrew, this method, of course, collapsed, although ii 



