122 Germany. 



preceding century, continued into the new one, and we 

 find Hartig, Cotta, Pfeil and Hundeshagen each writing 

 such encyclopaedias. Carl Heyer began one in sep- 

 arate volumes, but completed only two of them. Even 

 an encyclopaedic work in monographs by several authors 

 was undertaken as early as 1819 by J. M. Bechstein., who 

 with his successors brought out fourteen volumes, cover- 

 ing the ground pretty fully. While in the earlier stages 

 the meager amount of knowledge made it possible to 

 compress the whole into small compass, the more modem 

 encyclopaedias of Lorey, Filrst and DomhrowsTci arose 

 from the opposite consideration, namely, the need of 

 giving a comprehensive survey of the large mass of ac- 

 cumulated knowledge. 



Since 1820 monographic writings, however, became 

 more and more the practice. Among the volumes which 

 treat certain branches of forestry monographically, the 

 works of the masters of silviculture, Cotta, Hartig and 

 Heyer, based on their experiences in west and middle 

 Germany, and of Pfeil, referring more particularly to 

 North German conditions, were followed by the South 

 German writers, Gwinner (1834), and Stump (1849). 

 In 1855 H. BurTchardt introduced in his classic Sden und 

 Pfianzen a new method of treatment, namely, by species, 

 and after 1850 when the development of general silvi- 

 culture had been accomplished, such treatment by species 

 became frequent. Of more modern works on general 

 silviculture elaborating the attempts at reform of old 

 practices those of Oayer (1880) Borggreve, Wagener, 

 Ney, all writing about the same decade are to be 

 especially mentioned. In this connection should be 

 noticed also Fiirsfs valuable collective work on 



