126 Germany. 



under the name of form quotient, placing two measured 

 diameters in relation. 



Volume tables giving the volumes of trees of varying 

 diameters and height were already in use to some extent 

 in the 18th century ; Cotta gives such for beech in 1804, 

 and in 1817 furnished a new set of so-called normal 

 tables which were however based upon the assumption of 

 a conical form of the tree. Koenig perfected volume 

 tables by introducing further classification into five 

 growth classes (1813), published volume tables for beech 

 and other species and in 1840 published volume tables 

 not for single trees but for entire stands per acre classi- 

 fied by species, height and density; using the so-called 

 distance number which he had developed in 1835 to 

 denote the density. It is interesting to note that these 

 tables which he called Allgemeine Waldschaetzungs- 

 tafeln were made for the Imperial Eussian Society for 

 the Advancement of Forestry. 



In 1840 and succeeding years the Bavarian govern- 

 ment issued a comprehensive series of measurements and 

 a large number of form factors which were used in con- 

 structing volume tables; these were found to be so well 

 made and so generally applicable that they were used in 

 all parts of Germany and, translated into meter measure- 

 ment by Behm (1872), are still generally in use, 

 although new ones based upon further measurements 

 have been furnished by Lorey and Kuntze. 



For arriving at the volume of stands, estimates were 

 relied upon long into the nineteenth century, although 

 Hossfeld in 1812 introduced a formula by the use of 

 AHF in which A was the measured total cross-section 

 area of the stand, H and F the height and form factors. 



