136 Germany. 



In Saxony Cottars private school became a state in- 

 stitution in 1816, the forest academy of Tharand, with 

 six teachers (now 11), and later, in 1830, an agricultural 

 school was added to it. In Bavaria a private school 

 was begun in 1807 at Asehaffenburg. It was made a 

 state institution, divided into a higher and lower school, 

 in 1819, but was closed in 1833 on account of interior 

 troiibles and inefficiency. It was reopened and reorgan- 

 ized in 1844 with four teachers, and was intended to pre- 

 pare for the lower grades of the service. Meanwhile the 

 lectures at the University of Munich, supplementing this 

 lower school, were to serve for the education of the 

 higher grades. The reorganization took place in 1878, 

 when a special faculty for forestry was established with 

 Gustav Heyer as head professor. This was done after 

 much discussion, which is still going on throughout the 

 empire, as to the question whether education in forestry 

 was best obtained at a university or at a special academy. 

 The present tendency is toward the former solution of 

 the question since railroad development has removed the 

 main objection, namely, the difficulty of reaching a de- 

 monstration forest. Nevertheless Prussia retains its two 

 forest academies Eberswalde and Miinden ( since 

 18 68) for the education of its forest officials, the other 

 state academies being at Tharand and Eisenach, while 

 chairs of forestry are found at the universities of 

 Tiibingen (since 1817), Giessen (since 1831), and 

 Munich, and for Baden at the polytechnicum in Karls- 

 ruhe (1832). For the lower grades of forest officials 

 there are also schools established by the various govern- 

 ments (3 in Prussia, 5 in Bavaria). 



Although as early as 1820 Hundeshagen had in- 



